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      Atopy, passive smoking, respiratory infections and asthma among children from kindergarten and elementary school

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          Abstract

          CONTEXT: It has been demonstrated that children exposed to parents who smoke have more respiratory infections and asthma. OBJECTIVE: To study the association of both respiratory infections and asthma attacks with atopy, passive smoking and time spent daily at school, among children aged 4 to 9 years old from a kindergarten and elementary school in the city of São Paulo between May and July of 1996. TYPE OF STUDY: Descriptive study. SETTING: A kindergarten and elementary school with linkages to Universidade Federal de São Paulo/Escola Paulista de Medicina. PARTICIPANTS: 183 children between 4 and 9 years old. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: A questionnaire consisting of 31 questions was answered by the parents of 183 children, and skin tests for inhaled antigens were performed on 88 children whose parents had given prior agreement for the procedure. RESULTS: Among the children, 51% had had respiratory infections during the preceding 3 months and 25.7% were asthmatic, of whom 52.1% had had one or more asthma attacks during the preceding 3 months. Children exposed to passive smoking did not have more respiratory infections or asthma attacks in comparison with those not exposed. We observed a significant association between atopic disorders in parents and children who were not exposed to passive smoking. There were also associations between atopic disorders in parents and asthma attacks in their infants, and between such disorders and a higher incidence of respiratory infections in the infants during the preceding 3 months. However, the presence of two or more positive skin tests for allergies did not have a correlation with respiratory infections and asthma attacks in this sample. In addition to this, children who studied full time at school did not have a higher occurrence of respiratory infections and asthma attacks. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of respiratory infections and asthma was associated with atopic parents but not with the presence of two or more positive skin tests for allergies among the children. Also, respiratory infections and asthma attacks were not associated with smoking parents or with the length of time spent by the children at school.

          Translated abstract

          CONTEXTO: Foi demonstrado que crianças de pais fumantes estão mais predispostas a infecções respiratórias e asma. OBJETIVO: Estudar a associação de infecções respiratórias e crises de asma em crianças de quatro a nove anos de idade, matriculadas em uma escola que funciona como pré-escola e 1o. grau em São Paulo, Capital, nos meses de maio a julho de 1996, com presença de atopia, exposição ao fumo passivo e tempo de permanência na escola (parcial ou integral). TIPO DE ESTUDO: Estudo descritivo. LOCAL: Pré-escola e de primeiro grau da Universidade Federal de São Paulo. CASUÍSTICA: 183 crianças, sendo 104 meninos e 79 meninas, entre 4 e 9 anos. VARIÁVEIS ESTUDADAS: Foi administrado um questionário contendo 31 questões aos responsáveis pelas crianças e realizados 88 testes cutâneos de alergia para inalantes, nas crianças cujos pais haviam fornecido consentimento prévio. RESULTADOS: Do total de crianças, 51% tiveram infecções respiratórias nos últimos três meses e 25,7% eram asmáticas, sendo que 52,1% delas tiveram uma ou mais crises nos últimos três meses. As crianças expostas à fumaça de cigarro no domicílio não tiveram mais infecções respiratórias e crises de asma que as não-expostas. A positividade a dois ou mais testes cutâneos de alergia não se correlacionou significantemente à presença de infecções respiratórias e crises de asma nas crianças estudadas, embora tenha havido associação estatisticamente significante entre pais com história de atopia e filhos com mais infecções respiratórias e/ou crises de asma, assim como pais com história de atopia e filhos com menor exposição à fumaça de cigarro. As crianças com permanência em tempo integral na escola não tiveram maior ocorrência de infecções respiratórias e crises de asma. CONCLUSÃO: A presença de infecções respiratórias e crises de asma está associada à atopia dos pais, mas não à presença de positividade a dois ou mais testes cutâneos de alergia nas crianças. Por outro lado, a presença de infecções respiratórias e crises de asma não estiveram associadas com exposição passiva à fumaça de cigarro no domicílio e com tempo de permanência na escola.

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          A tendência da prática da amamentação no Brasil nas décadas de 70 e 80

          A prática da amamentação sofreu um declínio em todo o mundo, levando a conseqüências desastrosas para a saúde das crianças e suas mães. A partir da década de 70 iniciou-se um verdadeiro movimento mundial para o retorno à amamentação, sendo que no Brasil, estudos realizados em algumas cidades indicam o possível sucesso deste movimento no País. Este estudo teve por objetivo descrever a trajetória recente do aleitamento materno no Brasil, em diferentes estratos populacionais, compa-rando duas pesquisas nacionais (ENDEF/75 e PNSN/89). Empregou-se a análise de probitos, que permite estimar freqüências da amamentação a partir de regressões lineares ponderadas, utilizando o teste de aderência de Kolmogorov-Smirnov para verificar a adequação dos modelos obtidos. Verificou-se uma expansão considerável da prática da amamentação no País. Esta tedência ocorreu em todos os estratos da população, porém o aumento da prática da amamentação foi mais acentuado na área urbana, na região Centro-Sul do país, entre as mulheres de maior poder aquisitivo e de maior escolaridade.
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            Parental smoking and the risk of childhood asthma.

            Data from two random population surveys are used to assess the relationship between parental smoking and the prevalence of asthma in children aged 0-17. Data from a 1977 Midwestern urbanized county indicate that, if mothers smoked, the prevalence of parent reported asthma increased from 5.0 per cent to 7.7 per cent (estimated relative risk of 1.5), and the prevalence of functionally impairing asthma increased from 1.1 per cent to 2.2 per cent (relative risk of 2.0). In a more rural Eastern county in 1980, a lower overall prevalence of asthma was noted. However, similar estimated relative risks of asthma (1.8) and functionally impairing asthma (2.4) were found to be associated with maternal smoking. Inconsistent relationships were found between the estimated prevalence of asthma and paternal smoking. When multivariate controls were introduced, the relationships between maternal smoking and asthma persisted. Estimated attributable risks indicate that between 18 per cent and 34 per cent of the asthma reported in these samples can be attributed to maternal smoking. Implications of these findings for primary care physicians are discussed.
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              Children's health in families with cigarette smokers.

              Recent studies have indicated higher rates of certain respiratory conditions among children who live in households with adults who smoke cigarettes. This paper analyzes data from the 1970 National Health Interview Survey. Children in families with no smokers had an average of 1.1 fewer restricted-activity days and 0.8 fewer bed-disability days per year than did children in families with two smokers. Children in families with one smoker were in between. Acute respiratory illness accounted for the difference in disability days among children in families with different smoking characteristics. Family smoking was also measured by the combined number of cigarettes smoked by adults; children in families which smoked 45 or more cigarettes a day had 1.9 more restricted activity days and 0.9 more bed-disability days due to acute respiratory conditions than did children in families who did not smoke cigarettes. The age of the child, the number of adults in the family, the education of the family head, and the family income were all controlled and did not eliminate the relationship between children's health and family smoking.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                spmj
                Sao Paulo Medical Journal
                Sao Paulo Med. J.
                Associação Paulista de Medicina - APM (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                1516-3180
                1806-9460
                July 2002
                : 120
                : 4
                : 109-112
                Affiliations
                [02] São Paulo orgnameUniversidade Federal de São Paulo orgdiv1Escola Paulista de Medicina Brazil
                [03] São Paulo orgnameUniversidade Federal de São Paulo orgdiv1Escola Paulista de Medicina orgdiv2Departamento de Medicina, Doenças Respiratórias Brazil
                [01] São Paulo orgnameUniversidade Federal de São Paulo orgdiv1Escola Paulista de Medicina orgdiv2Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Brazil
                Article
                S1516-31802002000400004 S1516-3180(02)12000404
                10.1590/S1516-31802002000400004
                12436157
                2f047237-0117-4633-87ef-da9049979a06

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 30 April 2002
                : 29 April 2002
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 17, Pages: 4
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Original article

                Crianças,Alergia,Fumo passivo,Asma,Infecções respiratórias,Allergy,Passive smoking,Children,Asthma,Respiratory infections

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