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The role of biomarkers in the management of bone-homing malignancies
review-article
11 September 2017
BM, bone metastases,
SREs, skeletal related events,
BTM, bone turnover markers,
P1NP and P1CP, N and C terminal pro-peptides of type 1 collagen,
BALP, bone specific alkaline phosphatase,
TRACP-5b, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase type 5b,
NTX and CTX, N- and C- telopeptides of type 1 collagen,
RANK, receptor activator of nuclear factor kB,
RANK-L, RANK-ligand,
OPG, osteoprotegerin,
TNF, tumour necrosis factor,
IL, interleukin,
M-CSF, macrophage colony stimulating factor,
PTH, parathyroid hormone,
TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β,
VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor,
PlGF, placental growth factor,
BMDC, bone marrow derived cells,
EMT, epithelial to mesenchymal transition,
CXCR, C–X–C motif chemokine receptor,
CXCL, C–X–C motif chemokine ligand,
SDF-1, stromal cell-derived factor 1,
CaSR, calcium sensing receptor,
BC, breast cancer,
DTC, disseminated tumour cells,
PTH-rP, PTH related protein,
IGF, insulin-like growth factor,
PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor,
PC, prostate cancer,
BMPs, bone morphogenetic proteins,
FGF, fibroblast growth factor,
ER, estrogen receptor,
Her2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2,
HR, hormone receptor,
IL-1R, IL-1 receptor,
ZNF217, zinc-finger protein 217,
MAF, v-maf avian musculo-aponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog,
miRNA, micro RNA,
TRAF3, TNF receptor associated factor 3,
BSP, bone sialoprotein,
CCL2, chemokine C-C ligand 2,
CAPG, macrophage-capping protein,
GIPC1, PDZ domain–containing protein member 1,
PSA, prostate specific antigen,
PDGFRα, PDGF receptor α,
shRNA, short hairpin RNA,
CTC, circulating tumour cells,
LC, lung cancer,
NSCLC, non-small cell LC,
PYD, pyridinoline,
DPD, deoxypyridinoline,
uNTX, urinary NTX,
β-CTX, CTX β isomer,
1CTP, cross-linked carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen,
sBALP, serum BALP,
BTA, bone-targeting agents,
Bone metastasis,
Biomarkers,
Bone turnover markers,
Breast cancer,
Prostate cancer,
Lung cancer
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Abstract
Bone represents a common site of metastasis from several solid tumours, including breast, prostate and lung malignancies. The onset of bone metastases (BM) is associated not only with serious skeletal complications, but also shortened overall survival, owing to the lack of curative treatment options for late-stage cancer.
Despite the diagnostic advances, BM detection often occurs in the symptomatic stage, underlining the need for novel strategies aimed at the early identification of high-risk patients. To this purpose, both bone turnover and tumour-derived markers are being investigated for their potential diagnostic, prognostic and predictive roles.
In this review, we summarize the pathogenesis of BM in breast, prostate and lung tumours, while exploring the current research focused on the identification and clinical validation of BM biomarkers.
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Author and article information
bm, bone metastases,sres, skeletal related events,btm, bone turnover markers,p1np and p1cp, n and c terminal pro-peptides of type 1 collagen,balp, bone specific alkaline phosphatase,tracp-5b, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase type 5b,ntx and ctx, n- and c- telopeptides of type 1 collagen,rank, receptor activator of nuclear factor kb,rank-l, rank-ligand,opg, osteoprotegerin,tnf, tumour necrosis factor,il, interleukin,m-csf, macrophage colony stimulating factor,pth, parathyroid hormone,tgf-β, transforming growth factor-β,vegf, vascular endothelial growth factor,plgf, placental growth factor,bmdc, bone marrow derived cells,emt, epithelial to mesenchymal transition,cxcr, c–x–c motif chemokine receptor,cxcl, c–x–c motif chemokine ligand,sdf-1, stromal cell-derived factor 1,casr, calcium sensing receptor,bc, breast cancer,dtc, disseminated tumour cells,pth-rp, pth related protein,igf, insulin-like growth factor,pdgf, platelet-derived growth factor,pc, prostate cancer,bmps, bone morphogenetic proteins,fgf, fibroblast growth factor,er, estrogen receptor,her2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2,hr, hormone receptor,il-1r, il-1 receptor,znf217, zinc-finger protein 217,maf, v-maf avian musculo-aponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog,mirna, micro rna,traf3, tnf receptor associated factor 3,bsp, bone sialoprotein,ccl2, chemokine c-c ligand 2,capg, macrophage-capping protein,gipc1, pdz domain–containing protein member 1,psa, prostate specific antigen,pdgfrα, pdgf receptor α,shrna, short hairpin rna,ctc, circulating tumour cells,lc, lung cancer,nsclc, non-small cell lc,pyd, pyridinoline,dpd, deoxypyridinoline,untx, urinary ntx,β-ctx, ctx β isomer,1ctp, cross-linked carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen,sbalp, serum balp,bta, bone-targeting agents,bone metastasis,biomarkers,bone turnover markers,breast cancer,prostate cancer,lung cancer
bm, bone metastases, sres, skeletal related events, btm, bone turnover markers, p1np and p1cp, n and c terminal pro-peptides of type 1 collagen, balp, bone specific alkaline phosphatase, tracp-5b, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase type 5b, ntx and ctx, n- and c- telopeptides of type 1 collagen, rank, receptor activator of nuclear factor kb, rank-l, rank-ligand, opg, osteoprotegerin, tnf, tumour necrosis factor, il, interleukin, m-csf, macrophage colony stimulating factor, pth, parathyroid hormone, tgf-β, transforming growth factor-β, vegf, vascular endothelial growth factor, plgf, placental growth factor, bmdc, bone marrow derived cells, emt, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, cxcr, c–x–c motif chemokine receptor, cxcl, c–x–c motif chemokine ligand, sdf-1, stromal cell-derived factor 1, casr, calcium sensing receptor, bc, breast cancer, dtc, disseminated tumour cells, pth-rp, pth related protein, igf, insulin-like growth factor, pdgf, platelet-derived growth factor, pc, prostate cancer, bmps, bone morphogenetic proteins, fgf, fibroblast growth factor, er, estrogen receptor, her2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, hr, hormone receptor, il-1r, il-1 receptor, znf217, zinc-finger protein 217, maf, v-maf avian musculo-aponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog, mirna, micro rna, traf3, tnf receptor associated factor 3, bsp, bone sialoprotein, ccl2, chemokine c-c ligand 2, capg, macrophage-capping protein, gipc1, pdz domain–containing protein member 1, psa, prostate specific antigen, pdgfrα, pdgf receptor α, shrna, short hairpin rna, ctc, circulating tumour cells, lc, lung cancer, nsclc, non-small cell lc, pyd, pyridinoline, dpd, deoxypyridinoline, untx, urinary ntx, β-ctx, ctx β isomer, 1ctp, cross-linked carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen, sbalp, serum balp, bta, bone-targeting agents, bone metastasis, biomarkers, bone turnover markers, breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer