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      Is Open Access

      Female Pattern Hair Loss: a clinical and pathophysiological review*

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          Abstract

          Female Pattern Hair Loss or female androgenetic alopecia is the main cause of hair loss in adult women and has a major impact on patients' quality of life. It evolves from the progressive miniaturization of follicles that lead to a subsequent decrease of the hair density, leading to a non-scarring diffuse alopecia, with characteristic clinical, dermoscopic and histological patterns. In spite of the high frequency of the disease and the relevance of its psychological impact, its pathogenesis is not yet fully understood, being influenced by genetic, hormonal and environmental factors. In addition, response to treatment is variable. In this article, authors discuss the main clinical, epidemiological and pathophysiological aspects of female pattern hair loss.

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          The biology of hair follicles.

          R Paus, G Cotsarelis (1999)
          Article 0 comments Cited 254 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Sex hormone-binding globulin and risk of type 2 diabetes in women and men.

            Eric Ding, Yiqing Song, JoAnn Manson … (2009)
            Circulating sex hormone-binding globulin levels are inversely associated with insulin resistance, but whether these levels can predict the risk of developing type 2 diabetes is uncertain. We performed a nested case-control study of postmenopausal women in the Women's Health Study who were not using hormone therapy (359 with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes and 359 controls). Plasma levels of sex hormone-binding globulin were measured; two polymorphisms of the gene encoding sex hormone-binding globulin, SHBG, that were robustly associated with the protein levels were genotyped and applied in mendelian randomization analyses. We then conducted a replication study in an independent cohort of men from the Physicians' Health Study II (170 with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes and 170 controls). Among women, higher plasma levels of sex hormone-binding globulin were prospectively associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes: multivariable odds ratios were 1.00 for the first (lowest) quartile of plasma levels, 0.16 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.08 to 0.33) for the second quartile, 0.04 (95% CI, 0.01 to 0.12) for the third quartile, and 0.09 (95% CI, 0.03 to 0.21) for the fourth (highest) quartile (P<0.001 for trend). These prospective associations were replicated among men (odds ratio for the highest quartile of plasma levels vs. the lowest quartile, 0.10; 95% CI, 0.03 to 0.36; P<0.001 for trend). As compared with homozygotes of the respective wild-type allele, carriers of a variant allele of the SHBG single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs6259 had 10% higher sex hormone-binding globulin levels (P=0.005), and carriers of an rs6257 variant had 10% lower plasma levels (P=0.004); variants of both SNPs were also associated with a risk of type 2 diabetes in directions corresponding to their associated sex hormone-binding globulin levels. In mendelian randomization analyses, the predicted odds ratio of type 2 diabetes per standard-deviation increase in the plasma level of sex hormone-binding globulin was 0.28 (95% CI, 0.13 to 0.58) among women and 0.29 (95% CI, 0.15 to 0.58) among men, a finding that suggests that sex hormone-binding globulin may have a causal role in the risk of type 2 diabetes. Low circulating levels of sex hormone-binding globulin are a strong predictor of the risk of type 2 diabetes in women and men. The clinical usefulness of both SHBG genotypes and plasma levels in stratification and intervention for the risk of type 2 diabetes warrants further examination. 2009 Massachusetts Medical Society
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              Controls of hair follicle cycling.

              K Stenn, R Paus (2001)
              Nearly 50 years ago, Chase published a review of hair cycling in which he detailed hair growth in the mouse and integrated hair biology with the biology of his day. In this review we have used Chase as our model and tried to put the adult hair follicle growth cycle in perspective. We have tried to sketch the adult hair follicle cycle, as we know it today and what needs to be known. Above all, we hope that this work will serve as an introduction to basic biologists who are looking for a defined biological system that illustrates many of the challenges of modern biology: cell differentiation, epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, stem cell biology, pattern formation, apoptosis, cell and organ growth cycles, and pigmentation. The most important theme in studying the cycling hair follicle is that the follicle is a regenerating system. By traversing the phases of the cycle (growth, regression, resting, shedding, then growth again), the follicle demonstrates the unusual ability to completely regenerate itself. The basis for this regeneration rests in the unique follicular epithelial and mesenchymal components and their interactions. Recently, some of the molecular signals making up these interactions have been defined. They involve gene families also found in other regenerating systems such as fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta, Wnt pathway, Sonic hedgehog, neurotrophins, and homeobox. For the immediate future, our challenge is to define the molecular basis for hair follicle growth control, to regenerate a mature hair follicle in vitro from defined populations, and to offer real solutions to our patients' problems.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): An Bras Dermatol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): An Bras Dermatol
                Title: Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia
                Publisher: Sociedade Brasileira de Dermatologia
                ISSN (Print): 0365-0596
                ISSN (Electronic): 1806-4841
                Publication date (Print and electronic): Jul-Aug 2015
                Publication date (Print): Jul-Aug 2015
                Volume: 90
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 529-543
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Sao Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (Unesp) - Botucatu (SP), Brazil.
                Author notes
                MAILING ADDRESS: Hélio Amante Miot, Departamento de Dermatologia e Radioterapia, FMB-Unesp, SN, Campus universitário de Rubião Jr., 18618-000, Botucatu - SP, Brazil. E-mail: heliomiot@ 123456fmb.unesp.br
                Article
                DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20153370
                PMC ID: 4560543
                PubMed ID: 26375223
                SO-VID: 2f2c9f7a-5e26-43ea-8a1f-bc2354b855f8
                Copyright © © 2015 by Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 13 January 2014
                Date accepted : 26 May 2014
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: alopecia,androgens,epidemiology,hair,hair follicle,miniaturization,women
                Data availability:
                Keywords: alopecia, androgens, epidemiology, hair, hair follicle, miniaturization, women

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