Kratom-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

Abstract

The alkaloid derivatives of Mitragyna speciosa, commonly known as kratom, pose a threat to society due to its potential for abuse, adverse reactions and tendency to be used as self-medication for opioid withdrawal, pain and mood disorders. A number of deaths have been reported along with complications such as respiratory depression, cardiopulmonary arrest, torsade de pointes and seizures. Its various effects and potential are yet to be fully studied. We describe the case of a healthy young male who presented with progressive respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation. Imaging revealed multifocal lung infiltrates while extensive infectious and cardiac work-up was negative. Based on the clinical course, a diagnosis of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by kratom was made. The patient showed gradual clinical improvement and was weaned off supplemental oxygen. This case highlights yet another adverse reaction to kratom and the growing threat posed by its use.

LEARNING POINTS

• Kratom is a herbal supplement with opioid-like effects at high doses and stimulant effects at low doses.

• It is most commonly used to self-treat opioid withdrawal, mood disorders and pain.

• Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is one of the adverse effects of kratom, which also include kratom withdrawal syndrome, seizures, rhabdomyolysis, torsades de pointes and sudden death.

• Kratom has growing abuse potential; the FDA is acting to prevent its use and recommends healthcare professionals voluntarily report any adverse reactions.