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      Foldscope: Origami-Based Paper Microscope

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      Author(s): 1 , 2 , 2 , *
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      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: PLoS ONE
      Publisher: Public Library of Science

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          Abstract

          Here we describe an ultra-low-cost origami-based approach for large-scale manufacturing of microscopes, specifically demonstrating brightfield, darkfield, and fluorescence microscopes. Merging principles of optical design with origami enables high-volume fabrication of microscopes from 2D media. Flexure mechanisms created via folding enable a flat compact design. Structural loops in folded paper provide kinematic constraints as a means for passive self-alignment. This light, rugged instrument can survive harsh field conditions while providing a diversity of imaging capabilities, thus serving wide-ranging applications for cost-effective, portable microscopes in science and education.

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          Diagnostics for the developing world: microfluidic paper-based analytical devices.

          Andres Martinez, Scott Phillips, George Whitesides … (2010)
          Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (microPADs) are a new class of point-of-care diagnostic devices that are inexpensive, easy to use, and designed specifically for use in developing countries. (To listen to a podcast about this feature, please go to the Analytical Chemistry multimedia page at pubs.acs.org/page/ancham/audio/index.html.).
          Article 0 comments Cited 554 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Mobile Phone Based Clinical Microscopy for Global Health Applications

            David N Breslauer, Robi Maamari, Neil Switz … (2009)
            Light microscopy provides a simple, cost-effective, and vital method for the diagnosis and screening of hematologic and infectious diseases. In many regions of the world, however, the required equipment is either unavailable or insufficiently portable, and operators may not possess adequate training to make full use of the images obtained. Counterintuitively, these same regions are often well served by mobile phone networks, suggesting the possibility of leveraging portable, camera-enabled mobile phones for diagnostic imaging and telemedicine. Toward this end we have built a mobile phone-mounted light microscope and demonstrated its potential for clinical use by imaging P. falciparum-infected and sickle red blood cells in brightfield and M. tuberculosis-infected sputum samples in fluorescence with LED excitation. In all cases resolution exceeded that necessary to detect blood cell and microorganism morphology, and with the tuberculosis samples we took further advantage of the digitized images to demonstrate automated bacillus counting via image analysis software. We expect such a telemedicine system for global healthcare via mobile phone – offering inexpensive brightfield and fluorescence microscopy integrated with automated image analysis – to provide an important tool for disease diagnosis and screening, particularly in the developing world and rural areas where laboratory facilities are scarce but mobile phone infrastructure is extensive.
            Article 0 comments Cited 203 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              A Guide to Utilization of the Microbiology Laboratory for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases: 2013 Recommendations by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society for Microbiology (ASM) a

              Ellen Baron, J Miller, Melvin P. Weinstein … (2013)
              Abstract The critical role of the microbiology laboratory in infectious disease diagnosis calls for a close, positive working relationship between the physician and the microbiologists who provide enormous value to the health care team. This document, developed by both laboratory and clinical experts, provides information on which tests are valuable and in which contexts, and on tests that add little or no value for diagnostic decisions. Sections are divided into anatomic systems, including Bloodstream Infections and Infections of the Cardiovascular System, Central Nervous System Infections, Ocular Infections, Soft Tissue Infections of the Head and Neck, Upper Respiratory Infections, Lower Respiratory Tract infections, Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract, Intraabdominal Infections, Bone and Joint Infections, Urinary Tract Infections, Genital Infections, and Skin and Soft Tissue Infections; or into etiologic agent groups, including Tickborne Infections, Viral Syndromes, and Blood and Tissue Parasite Infections. Each section contains introductory concepts, a summary of key points, and detailed tables that list suspected agents; the most reliable tests to order; the samples (and volumes) to collect in order of preference; specimen transport devices, procedures, times, and temperatures; and detailed notes on specific issues regarding the test methods, such as when tests are likely to require a specialized laboratory or have prolonged turnaround times. There is redundancy among the tables and sections, as many agents and assay choices overlap. The document is intended to serve as a reference to guide physicians in choosing tests that will aid them to diagnose infectious diseases in their patients.
              Article 0 comments Cited 141 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Lennart Martens: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date Collection: 2014
                Publication date (Electronic): 18 June 2014
                Volume: 9
                Issue: 6
                Electronic Location Identifier: e98781
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
                [2 ]Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
                UGent/VIB, Belgium
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: This work is covered under patent application PCT/US2013/025612 (Title: Optical Device). Further details, including the 10,000 microscope project and updates on the latest status of this work, are available on www.foldscope.com. This does not alter the authors' adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

                Conceived and designed the experiments: JSC MP. Performed the experiments: JSC JC MP. Analyzed the data: JSC JC MP. Wrote the paper: JSC MP.

                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-14-03813
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098781
                PMC ID: 4062392
                PubMed ID: 24940755
                SO-VID: 2f536a12-31f1-4f5a-a8e9-0b0ba7b9c121
                Copyright statement: Copyright @ 2014
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 25 January 2014
                Date accepted : 7 May 2014
                Page count
                Pages: 11
                Funding
                Manu Prakash acknowledges support from Terman Fellowship, The Baxter Foundation, Coulter Foundation, Spectrum Foundation (NIH CTSA UL1 TR000093), C-Idea (National Institutes of Health grant RC4 TW008781-01), Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Pew Foundation, and Gordon and Betty Moore foundation for financial support. Jim Cybulski is supported by NIH Fogarty Institute Global Health Equity Scholars (GHES) Fellowship. James Clements was supported by NSF Graduate fellowship. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Biotechnology
                Subject: Bioengineering
                Subject: Medical Devices and Equipment
                Subject: Microbiology
                Subject: Medical Microbiology
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Infectious Diseases
                Subject: Public and Occupational Health
                Subject: Global Health
                Subject: Health Screening
                Subject: Physical Sciences
                Subject: Materials Science
                Subject: Materials Physics
                Subject: Microstructure
                Subject: Engineering and Technology
                Subject: Science Policy
                Subject: Science Education

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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