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      Phylogeographic analysis of North American populations of the parasitic herbaceous plant Monotropa hypopitys L. reveals a complex history of range expansion from multiple late glacial refugia : Phylogeography of Monotropa hypopitys in North America

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      Journal of Biogeography
      Wiley-Blackwell

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          Phylogeographic insights into cryptic glacial refugia.

          The glacial episodes of the Quaternary (2.6 million years ago-present) were a major factor in shaping the present-day distributions of extant flora and fauna, with expansions and contractions of the ice sheets rendering large areas uninhabitable for most species. Fossil records suggest that many species survived glacial maxima by retreating to refugia, usually at lower latitudes. Recently, phylogeographic studies have given support to the existence of previously unknown, or cryptic, refugia. Here we summarise many of these insights into the glacial histories of species in cryptic refugia gained through phylogeographic approaches. Understanding such refugia might be important as the Earth heads into another period of climate change, in terms of predicting the effects on species distribution and survival.
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            Cryptic northern refugia and the origins of the modern biota

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              Chloroplast microsatellites: new tools for studies in plant ecology and evolution.

              The nonrecombinant, uniparentally inherited nature of organelle genomes makes them useful tools for evolutionary studies. However, in plants, detecting useful polymorphism at the population level is often difficult because of the low level of substitutions in the chloroplast genome, and because of the slow substitution rates and intramolecular recombination of mtDNA. Chloroplast microsatellites represent potentially useful markers to circumvent this problem and, to date, studies have demonstrated high levels of intraspecific variability. Here, we discuss the use of these markers in ecological and evolutionary studies of plants, as well as highlighting some of the potential problems associated with such use.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal of Biogeography
                Wiley-Blackwell
                03050270
                August 2011
                August 06 2011
                : 38
                : 8
                : 1585-1599
                Article
                10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02513.x
                2f586206-fc55-42b6-af12-c318085e2394
                © 2011

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1

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