El patrón de consumo de alcohol en adultos desde la perspectiva de los adolescentes

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Abstract

Objetivo: Conocer la opinión de un grupo de adolescentes acerca del patrón de consumo de alcohol que muestran los/las adultos/as de su entorno social. Métodos: Investigación cualitativa fundamentada en Grounded Theory (Glaser y Strauss, 1967) con información obtenida mediante cinco grupos de discusión. Los/las participantes fueron seleccionados/as mediante muestreo teórico en la fase inicial y emergente del estudio, aplicando criterios maestros de selección fundamentados en la literatura previa. Se utilizaron criterios de heterogeneidad-homogeneidad en la composición de los grupos. Participaron 40 adolescentes de ambos sexos, entre 15 y 20 años de edad, pertenecientes a cuatro centros educativos de Sevilla. Resultados: Según los/las adolescentes entrevistados/as, el consumo de alcohol está normalizado entre las personas adultas, se vincula a actos de celebración, se orienta hacia la diversión e incluye el consumo abusivo e intensivo y la presencia de destilados. Los datos de los estudios recientes contradicen en parte la opinión de los/las adolescentes, pues muestran un patrón de consumo en las personas adultas asociado fundamentalmente al componente gastronómico y social de la bebida, con ingestas moderadas de cerveza y vino. Conclusiones: Se sugiere la posible existencia de una percepción distorsionada en algunos/as adolescentes acerca de la realidad del consumo en los/las adultos/as. Como explicación, se plantea la hipótesis de una relación entre esta percepción y la información contradictoria que reciben los/las jóvenes en materia de alcohol, la idea de ser normativos y el deseo de satisfacer sus propias necesidades hedónicas y de socialización.

Translated abstract

Objective: To identify the views of a sample of adolescents on the pattern of alcohol consumption shown by adults in their social environment. Method: A qualitative study was conducted using the method proposed by grounded theory (Glaser & Strauss, 1967). Data were collected through five discussion groups. Participants were selected by theoretical sampling in the initial and emerging phases of the study by applying criteria based on previous research. Heterogeneity-homogeneity criteria were used in the composition of the groups. The final sample consisted on 40 adolescents of both sexes between 15 and 20 years from four educational centres in Seville (Spain). Results: According to the adolescents interviewed, alcohol use was normal among adults, geared towards fun, and was linked to social gatherings and to abusive and intensive consumption including drinking spirits. Data from recent studies partly contradict adolescents' perceptions, showing a pattern of consumption in adults associated mostly with the gastronomic and social component of drink and with moderate intake of beer and wine. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that adolescents may have a distorted view of the reality of adult patterns of alcohol use. As an explanation, we hypothesize that, faced with conflicting information, adolescents prioritize the information that best fits their view of what is socially acceptable and what meets their own hedonistic and social needs.

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The Discovery of Grounded Theory

Barney G. Glaser, Anselm L. Strauss (1967)

Most writing on sociological method has been concerned with how accurate facts can be obtained and how theory can thereby be more rigorously tested. In The Discovery of Grounded Theory, Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss address the equally Important enterprise of how the discovery of theory from data--systematically obtained and analyzed in social research--can be furthered. The discovery of theory from data--grounded theory--is a major task confronting sociology, for such a theory fits empirical situations, and is understandable to sociologists and laymen alike. Most important, it provides relevant predictions, explanations, interpretations, and applications.In Part I of the book, Generation Theory by Comparative Analysis, the authors present a strategy whereby sociologists can facilitate the discovery of grounded theory, both substantive and formal. This strategy involves the systematic choice and study of several comparison groups. In Part II, The Flexible Use of Data, the generation of theory from qualitative, especially documentary, and quantitative data Is considered. In Part III, Implications of Grounded Theory, Glaser and Strauss examine the credibility of grounded theory.The Discovery of Grounded Theory is directed toward improving social scientists' capacity for generating theory that will be relevant to their research. While aimed primarily at sociologists, it will be useful to anyone Interested In studying social phenomena--political, educational, economic, industrial-- especially If their studies are based on qualitative data.