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      Reactive‐Oxygen‐Species‐Responsive Drug Delivery Systems: Promises and Challenges

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          Abstract

          Given the increasing evidence indicates that many pathological conditions are associated with elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, there have been growing research efforts focused on the development of ROS‐responsive carrier systems because of their promising potential to realize more specific diagnosis and effective therapy. By judicious utilization of ROS‐responsive functional moieties, a wide range of carrier systems has been designed for ROS‐mediated drug delivery. In this review article, insights into design principle and recent advances on the development of ROS‐responsive carrier systems for drug delivery applications are provided alongside discussion of their in vitro and in vivo evaluation. In particular, the discussions in this article will mainly focus on polymeric nanoparticles, hydrogels, inorganic nanoparticles, and activatable prodrugs that have been integrated with diverse ROS‐responsive moieties for spatiotemporally controlled release of drugs for effective therapy.

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          Most cited references34

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          Functionalized mesoporous silica materials for controlled drug delivery.

          In the past decade, non-invasive and biocompatible mesoporous silica materials as efficient drug delivery systems have attracted special attention. Great progress in structure control and functionalization (magnetism and luminescence) design has been achieved for biotechnological and biomedical applications. This review highlights the most recent research progress on silica-based controlled drug delivery systems, including: (i) pure mesoporous silica sustained-release systems, (ii) magnetism and/or luminescence functionalized mesoporous silica systems which integrate targeting and tracking abilities of drug molecules, and (iii) stimuli-responsive controlled release systems which are able to respond to environmental changes, such as pH, redox potential, temperature, photoirradiation, and biomolecules. Although encouraging and potential developments have been achieved, design and mass production of novel multifunctional carriers, some practical biological application, such as biodistribution, the acute and chronic toxicities, long-term stability, circulation properties and targeting efficacy in vivo are still challenging. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2012
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            Reactive oxygen species: role in the development of cancer and various chronic conditions

            Oxygen derived species such as superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical are well known to be cytotoxic and have been implicated in the etiology of a wide array of human diseases, including cancer. Various carcinogens may also partly exert their effect by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) during their metabolism. Oxidative damage to cellular DNA can lead to mutations and may, therefore, play an important role in the initiation and progression of multistage carcinogenesis. The changes in DNA such as base modification, rearrangement of DNA sequence, miscoding of DNA lesion, gene duplication and the activation of oncogenes may be involved in the initiation of various cancers. Elevated levels of ROS and down regulation of ROS scavengers and antioxidant enzymes are associated with various human diseases including various cancers. ROS are also implicated in diabtes and neurodegenerative diseases. ROS influences central cellular processes such as proliferation a, apoptosis, senescence which are implicated in the development of cancer. Understanding the role of ROS as key mediators in signaling cascades may provide various opportunities for pharmacological intervention.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                wjkim@postech.ac.kr
                Journal
                Adv Sci (Weinh)
                Adv Sci (Weinh)
                10.1002/(ISSN)2198-3844
                ADVS
                Advanced Science
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                2198-3844
                08 June 2016
                January 2017
                : 4
                : 1 ( doiID: 10.1002/advs.v4.1 )
                : 1600124
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Center for Self‐Assembly and ComplexityInstitute for Basic Science (IBS) Pohang 37673Republic of Korea
                [ 2 ] Department of ChemistryPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) Pohang 37673Republic of Korea
                Author notes
                Article
                ADVS172
                10.1002/advs.201600124
                5238745
                28105390
                2faa3a10-0b84-4d2a-b8e4-d6b3c2676934
                © 2016 The Authors. Published by WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

                This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 30 March 2016
                : 26 April 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 19, Tables: 1, Pages: 19, Words: 11509
                Categories
                Review
                Reviews
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                advs172
                January 2017
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_NLMPMC version:5.0.1 mode:remove_FC converted:16.01.2017

                drug delivery,hydrogels,inorganic nanoparticles,polymeric nanoparticles,prodrugs,reactive oxygen species

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