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      Oil and gas production and spontaneous preterm birth in the San Joaquin Valley, CA : A case–control study

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          Abstract

          Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text.

          Abstract

          Background:

          Recent studies report an association between preterm birth and exposure to unconventional oil and gas wells. There has been limited previous study on exposure to conventional wells, which are common in California. Our objective was to determine whether exposure to well sites was associated with increased odds of spontaneous preterm birth (delivery at <37 weeks).

          Methods:

          We conducted a case–control study using data on 27,913 preterm birth cases and 197,461 term birth controls. All births were without maternal comorbidities and were located in the San Joaquin Valley, CA, between 1998 and 2011. We obtained data for 83,559 wells in preproduction or production during the study period. We assessed exposure using inverse distance-squared weighting and, for each birth and trimester, we assigned an exposure tertile. Using logistic regression, we estimated adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for the association between exposure to well sites and preterm birth at 20–27, 28–31, and 32–36 weeks.

          Results:

          We observed increased ORs for preterm birth with high exposure to wells in the first and second trimesters for births delivered at ≤31 weeks (adjusted ORs, 1.08–1.14). In stratified analyses, the associations were confined to births to Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black women and to women with ≤12 years of educational attainment. In a secondary analysis, we found evidence that exposure to wells in preproduction is associated with higher concentrations of particulate matter.

          Conclusions:

          We found evidence that exposure to oil and gas well sites is associated with increased risk of spontaneous preterm birth.

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          Most cited references25

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          The dark side of light at night: physiological, epidemiological, and ecological consequences.

          Organisms must adapt to the temporal characteristics of their surroundings to successfully survive and reproduce. Variation in the daily light cycle, for example, acts through endocrine and neurobiological mechanisms to control several downstream physiological and behavioral processes. Interruptions in normal circadian light cycles and the resulting disruption of normal melatonin rhythms cause widespread disruptive effects involving multiple body systems, the results of which can have serious medical consequences for individuals, as well as large-scale ecological implications for populations. With the invention of electrical lights about a century ago, the temporal organization of the environment has been drastically altered for many species, including humans. In addition to the incidental exposure to light at night through light pollution, humans also engage in increasing amounts of shift-work, resulting in repeated and often long-term circadian disruption. The increasing prevalence of exposure to light at night has significant social, ecological, behavioral, and health consequences that are only now becoming apparent. This review addresses the complicated web of potential behavioral and physiological consequences resulting from exposure to light at night, as well as the large-scale medical and ecological implications that may result.
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            Outdoor air pollution, low birth weight, and prematurity.

            M Bobak (2000)
            This study tested the hypothesis, suggested by several recent reports, that air pollution may increase the risk of adverse birth outcomes. This study analyzed all singleton live births registered by the Czech national birth register in 1991 in 67 districts where at least one pollutant was monitored in 1990-1991 (n = 108,173). Maternal exposures to sulfur dioxide (SO(2)), total suspended particles (TSP), and nitrous oxides (NO(x)) in each trimester of pregnancy were estimated as the arithmetic means of all daily measurements taken by all monitors in the district of birth of each infant. Odds ratios of low birth weight (< 2,500 g), prematurity (< 37 weeks of gestation), and intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR; < 10th percentile of birth weight for gestational age and sex) were estimated by robust logistic regression. The median (and 25th and 75th percentile) trimester exposures were 32 (18, 56) microg/m(3) for SO(2); 72 (55, 87) microg/m(3) for TSP; and 38 (23, 59) microg/m(3) for NO(x). Low birth weight (prevalence 5.2%) and prematurity (prevalence 4.8%) were associated with SO(2) and somewhat less strongly with TSP. IUGR was not associated with any pollutant. The effects on low birth weight and prematurity were marginally stronger for exposures in the first trimester, and were not attenuated at all by adjustment for socioeconomic factors or the month of birth. Adjusted odds ratios of low birth weight were 1.20 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.11-1.30] and 1.15 (CI, 1.07-1.24) for a 50 microg/m(3) increase in SO(2) and TSP, respectively, in the first trimester; adjusted odds ratios of prematurity were 1.27 (CI, 1.16-1.39) and 1.18 (CI, 1.05-1.31) for a 50 microg/m(3) increase in SO(2) and TSP, respectively, in the first trimester. Low gestational age accounted for the association between SO(2) and low birth weight. These findings provide further support for the hypothesis that air pollution can affect the outcome of pregnancy.
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              The Environmental Costs and Benefits of Fracking

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Environ Epidemiol
                Environ Epidemiol
                EE9
                Environmental Epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.)
                Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (Hagerstown, MD )
                2474-7882
                August 2020
                05 June 2020
                : 4
                : 4
                : e099
                Affiliations
                [a ]Emmett Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources, Stanford University, Stanford, California
                [b ]Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
                [c ]Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
                [d ]Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
                [e ]Department of Earth System Science, School of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
                [f ]Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
                Author notes
                *Corresponding Author. Address: Emmett Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Suite 226, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Email: david.gonzalez@ 123456stanford.edu (D.J.X. Gonzalez).
                Article
                00001
                10.1097/EE9.0000000000000099
                7423522
                32832838
                2fb5a91d-4886-4de2-b3e6-f5a37c5856b5
                Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of The Environmental Epidemiology. All rights reserved.

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CCBY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 12 February 2020
                : 12 May 2020
                Categories
                Original Research Article
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                preterm birth,birth outcomes,oil and gas,ambient air pollution

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