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      Evaluación de una intervención educativa para la prevención de la obesidad infantil en escuelas básicas de Chile Translated title: Evaluation of an education intervention for childhood obesity prevention in basic school in Chile

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          Abstract

          El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar una intervención integral en educación nutricional y actividad física para prevenir la obesidad infantil en escolares de educación básica de nivel socioeconómico bajo de la comuna de Macul en Chile, mediante seguimiento longitudinal de dos años (2008 y 2009) de los niños. La intervención consistió en capacitación de los profesores en nutrición, implementación de material educativo basado en guías alimentarias chilenas, aumento de 3 a 4 horas semanales en clases de educación física, para lo cual se contrataron profesores especialistas. Se midieron peso, talla y test de caminata de 6 minutos (TC6M). Se calculó índice de masa corporal (IMC), puntaje Z IMC, prevalencias de normalidad, sobrepeso y obesidad de niños (criterios OMS 2007). Se midieron los cambios entre línea base y periodos en Z IMC y TC6M/talla y cambios en conocimientos nutricionales mediante cuestionarios. No hubo diferencia significativa del puntaje Z IMC entre los periodos inicial y final ni en la evolución del estado nutricional de los niños. El conocimiento alimentario mejoró en forma significativa entre las dos mediciones. Hubo un incremento significativo del TC6M/talla (10 metros entre inicio y final, p < 0,001). Se concluye que aún cuando mejoró el conocimiento nutricional y la condición física de los niños, hubo una estabilización del puntaje Z IMC en el período de estudio. Se requieren nuevas intervenciones educativas adecuadas a la realidad de cada comunidad para obtener un impacto positivo en la prevención de obesidad infantil en escuelas.

          Translated abstract

          The aim of this study was to evaluate a comprehensive intervention in nutrition education and physical activity to prevent childhood obesity in primary school children of low socioeconomic status in Macul county in Chile, with a two year follow-up (2008 and 2009) of the children. The intervention consisted in teacher nutrition training in healthy eating and the implementation of educational material based on Chilean dietary guidelines. In addition, there was an increase in physical education classes to 3-4 hours per week and physical education teachers were recruited for that purpose. Weight, height and six minutes walk test (6MWT) were measured and body mass index (BMI), BMI Z score, prevalence of normal, overweight and obese children were calculated with WHO 2007reference. Changes between baseline and BMI Z in each period and 6MWT/height, and changes in nutrition knowledge through questionnaires were measured. There was no significant difference in BMI Z score between the initial and final periods and in the evolution of the nutritional status of children. Nutrition knowledge improved significantly between the two measurements. There was a significant increase in 6MWT/height (10 meters between baseline and follow-up, p < 0.001). We conclude that although there was an improvement in nutrition knowledge and physical fitness of children, there was a stabilization of BMI Z score in the period of the study. New educational interventions are required according to the reality of each community to obtain a positive impact to prevent childhood obesity in primary schools.

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          Effect of school-based physical activity interventions on body mass index in children: a meta-analysis.

          The prevalence of childhood obesity is increasing at an alarming rate. Many local governments have enacted policies to increase physical activity in schools as a way to combat childhood obesity. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the effect of school-based physical activity interventions on body mass index (BMI) in children. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials up to September 2008. We also hand-searched relevant journals and article reference lists. We included randomized controlled trials and controlled clinical trials that had objective data for BMI from before and after the intervention, that involved school-based physical activity interventions and that lasted for a minimum of 6 months. Of 398 potentially relevant articles that we identified, 18 studies involving 18 141 children met the inclusion criteria. The participants were primarily elementary school children. The study duration ranged from 6 months to 3 years. In 15 of these 18 studies, there was some type of co-intervention. Meta-analysis showed that BMI did not improve with physical activity interventions (weighted mean difference -0.05 kg/m(2), 95% confidence interval -0.19 to 0.10). We found no consistent changes in other measures of body composition. School-based physical activity interventions did not improve BMI, although they had other beneficial health effects. Current population-based policies that mandate increased physical activity in schools are unlikely to have a significant effect on the increasing prevalence of childhood obesity.
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            Changes in physical fitness and changes in mortality.

            Point estimates of physical fitness give important information on the risk of death in healthy people, but there is little information available on effects of sequential changes in physical fitness on mortality. We studied this latter aspect in healthy middle-aged men over a total follow-up period of 22 years. 2014 healthy men aged 40-60 years had a bicycle exercise test and clinical examination, and completed a questionnaire in 1972-75 (survey 1). This was repeated for 1756 (91%) of 1932 men still alive by Dec 31, 1982 (survey 2). The exercise scores were adjusted for age. The change in exercise scores between surveys was divided into quartiles (Q1=least fit, Q4=fittest). An adjusted Cox's proportional hazards model was used to study the association between changes in physical fitness and mortality, with the Q1 men used as controls. By Dec 31, 1994, 238 (17%) of the 1428 men had died, 120 from cardiovascular causes. There were 37 deaths in the Q4 group (19 cardiovascular); their relative risks of death were 0.45 (95% CI 0.29-0.69) for any cause and 0.47 (0.26-0.86) for cardiovascular causes. There was a graded, inverse relation between changes in physical fitness and mortality irrespective of physical fitness status at survey 1. Change in physical fitness in healthy middle-aged men is a strong predictor of mortality. Even small improvements in physical fitness are associated with a significantly lowered risk of death. If confirmed, these findings should be used to influence public health policy.
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              Diseño y validación de cuestionarios

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                August 2013
                : 28
                : 4
                : 1156-1164
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameInstituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA)
                [02] Chillan orgnameUniversidad del Bío Bío orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud y los Alimentos orgdiv2Departamento de Nutrición y Salud Pública Chile
                Article
                S0212-16112013000400026
                10.3305/nh.2013.28.4.6588
                2fc83d83-b659-4aa1-b3e5-6281cc86222e

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 21 March 2013
                : 28 May 2013
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 35, Pages: 9
                Product

                SciELO Spain


                Prevención obesidad infantil,Educación nutricional,Actividad física,Condición física,Childhood obesity prevention,Nutrition education,Physical activity,Fitness

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