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      Sedentary Behavior in Preschoolers: How Many Days of Accelerometer Monitoring Is Needed?

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          Abstract

          The reliability of accelerometry for measuring sedentary behavior in preschoolers has not been determined, thus we determined how many days of accelerometry monitoring are necessary to reliably estimate daily time spent in sedentary behavior in preschoolers. In total, 191 and 150 preschoolers (three to five years) wore ActiGraph accelerometers (15-s epoch) during the in-school (≥4 days) and the total-day (≥6 days) period respectively. Accelerometry data were summarized as time spent in sedentary behavior (min/h) using three different cutpoints developed for preschool-age children (<37.5, <200, and <373 counts/15 s). The intraclass correlations (ICCs) and Spearman-Brown prophecy formula were used to estimate the reliability of accelerometer for measuring sedentary behavior. Across different cutpoints, the ICCs ranged from 0.81 to 0.92 for in-school sedentary behavior, and from 0.75 to 0.81 for total-day sedentary behavior, respectively. To achieve an ICC of ≥0.8, two to four days or six to nine days of monitoring were needed for in-school sedentary behavior and total-day sedentary behavior, respectively. These findings provide important guidance for future research on sedentary behavior in preschool children using accelerometry. Understanding the reliability of accelerometry will facilitate the conduct of research designed to inform policies and practices aimed at reducing sedentary behavior in preschool children.

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          Do obese children become obese adults? A review of the literature.

          M.K. Serdula, D Ivery, R.J. Coates … (1993)
          Obese children may be at increased risk of becoming obese adults. To examine the relationship between obesity in childhood and obesity in adulthood, we reviewed the epidemiologic literature published between 1970 and July 1992. Comparison between studies was complicated by differences in study design, definitions of obesity, and analytic methods used. Although the correlations between anthropometric measures of obesity in childhood and those in adulthood varied considerably among studies, the associations were consistently positive. About a third (26 to 41%) of obese preschool children were obese as adults, and about half (42 to 63%) of obese school-age children were obese as adults. For all studies and across all ages, the risk of adult obesity was at least twice as high for obese children as for nonobese children. The risk of adult obesity was greater for children who were at higher levels of obesity and for children who were obese at older ages. The wide range of estimates in this literature are, in part, due to differences in study designs, definitions of obesity, ages at which participants were measured, intervals between measurements, and population and cultural differences.
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            Prevalence and trends in obesity and severe obesity among children in the United States, 1999-2012.

            Asheley Skinner, Joseph A Skelton (2014)
            Childhood obesity is the focus of public health efforts and accurate estimates of the prevalence and severity of obesity are needed for policy decisions and directions for future research. To examine the prevalence of obesity and severe obesity over time for 14 years of the continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999 to 2012, and to examine differences in the trends by age, race/ethnicity, and sex. Representative sample (N = 26 690) of children in the United States, ages 2 to 19 years, in repeated cross-sections of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999 to 2012. Prevalence of overweight (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 85th percentile), obesity (BMI ≥ 95th percentile for age and sex), class 2 obesity (BMI ≥ 120% of the 95th percentile or BMI ≥ 35), and class 3 obesity (BMI ≥ 140% of the 95th percentile or BMI ≥ 40). From 2011 to 2012, 17.3% (95% CI, 15.3-19.3) of children in the United States aged 2 to 19 years were obese. Additionally, 5.9% (95% CI, 4.4-7.4) of children met criteria for class 2 obesity and 2.1% (95% CI, 1.6-2.7) met criteria for class 3 obesity. Although these rates were not significantly different from 2009 to 2010, all classes of obesity have increased over the last 14 years. Nationally representative data do not show any significant changes in obesity prevalence in the most recently available years, although the prevalence of obesity may be stabilizing. Continuing research is needed to determine which, if any, public health interventions can be credited with this stability. Unfortunately, there is an upward trend of more severe forms of obesity and further investigations into the causes of and solutions to this problem are needed.
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              Metabolic syndrome in childhood predicts adult metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus 25 to 30 years later.

              John A. Morrison, Lisa Friedman, Ping Wang … (2008)
              To prospectively assess the association of the metabolic syndrome in childhood with adult metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) 25 to 30 years later. Data from the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute Lipid Research Clinics (LRC) Princeton Prevalence Study (1973-1976) and the Princeton Follow-up Study (PFS, 2000-2004) were used. Body mass index (BMI = kg/m(2)) was used as the obesity measure in childhood because waist circumference was not measured at the LRC. The adult T2DM status of participants and their parents was obtained by participant report or fasting blood glucose >/=126 mg/dL. A logistic analysis for clustered samples was used to predict adult metabolic syndrome and T2DM, taking into account sibling correlations in the cohort. Pediatric metabolic syndrome, age at PFS, sex, race, change in BMI percentile, parental history of diabetes, and the interaction of pediatric metabolic syndrome and parental diabetes were explanatory variables. Ages ranged from 5 to 19 years in the LRC and from 30 to 48 years in the PFS. Pediatric metabolic syndrome, parental diabetes, age at follow-up, and change in age-specific BMI percentile were significant predictors of metabolic syndrome in adulthood, and pediatric metabolic syndrome, age at follow-up, black race, and parental diabetes were significant predictors of T2DM. Evaluating 5- to 19-year-old children for metabolic syndrome and family history of diabetes could identify children at increased risk of adult metabolic syndrome and T2DM, allowing prospective primary prevention of these outcomes.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Paul B. Tchounwou: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Environ Res Public Health
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Environ Res Public Health
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ijerph
                Title: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Print): 1661-7827
                ISSN (Electronic): 1660-4601
                Publication date (Electronic): 20 October 2015
                Publication date (Print): October 2015
                Volume: 12
                Issue: 10
                Pages: 13148-13161
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences, Department of Public Health, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
                [2 ]Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; E-Mails: beets@ 123456mailbox.sc.edu (M.W.B.); rpate@ 123456mailbox.sc.edu (R.R.P.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: w.byun@ 123456ndsu.edu ; Tel.: +1-701-231-6738; Fax: +1-701-231-8872.
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijerph-12-13148
                DOI: 10.3390/ijerph121013148
                PMC ID: 4627022
                PubMed ID: 26492261
                SO-VID: 2fe9b4aa-b96b-4f3b-8711-7a51458d8a27
                Copyright © © 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 07 August 2015
                Date accepted : 10 October 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: reliability,activity monitor,children,preschool,sedentary
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: reliability, activity monitor, children, preschool, sedentary

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