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      A Looking-Glass of Non-Coding RNAs in Oral Cancer

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          Abstract

          Oral cancer is a multifactorial pathology and is characterized by the lack of efficient treatment and accurate diagnostic tools. This is mainly due the late diagnosis; therefore, reliable biomarkers for the timely detection of the disease and patient stratification are required. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are key elements in the physiological and pathological processes of various cancers, which is also reflected in oral cancer development and progression. A better understanding of their role could give a more thorough perspective on the future treatment options for this cancer type. This review offers a glimpse into the ncRNA involvement in oral cancer, which can help the medical community tap into the world of ncRNAs and lay the ground for more powerful diagnostic, prognostic and treatment tools for oral cancer that will ultimately help build a brighter future for these patients.

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          Most cited references115

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          Non-coding RNAs: regulators of disease.

          For 50 years the term 'gene' has been synonymous with regions of the genome encoding mRNAs that are translated into protein. However, recent genome-wide studies have shown that the human genome is pervasively transcribed and produces many thousands of regulatory non-protein-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs, small interfering RNAs, PIWI-interacting RNAs and various classes of long ncRNAs. It is now clear that these RNAs fulfil critical roles as transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulators and as guides of chromatin-modifying complexes. Here we review the biology of ncRNAs, focusing on the fundamental mechanisms by which ncRNAs facilitate normal development and physiology and, when dysfunctional, underpin disease. We also discuss evidence that intergenic regions associated with complex diseases express ncRNAs, as well as the potential use of ncRNAs as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. Taken together, these observations emphasize the need to move beyond the confines of protein-coding genes and highlight the fact that continued investigation of ncRNA biogenesis and function will be necessary for a comprehensive understanding of human disease.
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            Epigenetics and gene expression.

            Transcription, translation and subsequent protein modification represent the transfer of genetic information from the archival copy of DNA to the short-lived messenger RNA, usually with subsequent production of protein. Although all cells in an organism contain essentially the same DNA, cell types and functions differ because of qualitative and quantitative differences in their gene expression. Thus, control of gene expression is at the heart of differentiation and development. Epigenetic processes, including DNA methylation, histone modification and various RNA-mediated processes, are thought to influence gene expression chiefly at the level of transcription; however, other steps in the process (for example, translation) may also be regulated epigenetically. The following paper will outline the role epigenetics is believed to have in influencing gene expression.
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              HOTAIR: an oncogenic long non-coding RNA in different cancers

              Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) refer to a group of RNAs that are usually more than 200 nucleotides and are not involved in protein generation. Instead, lncRNAs are involved in different regulatory processes, such as regulation of gene expression. Different lncRNAs exist throughout the genome. LncRNAs are also known for their roles in different human diseases such as cancer. HOTAIR is an lncRNA that plays a role as an oncogenic molecule in different cancer cells, such as breast, gastric, colorectal, and cervical cancer cells. Therefore, HOTAIR expression level is a potential biomarker for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in several cancers. This RNA takes part in epigenetic regulation of genes and plays an important role in different cellular pathways by interacting with Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2). In this review, we describe the molecular function and regulation of HOTAIR and its role in different types of cancers.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Int J Mol Sci
                Int J Mol Sci
                ijms
                International Journal of Molecular Sciences
                MDPI
                1422-0067
                05 December 2017
                December 2017
                : 18
                : 12
                : 2620
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Prosthetic dentistry and Dental materials, Division Dental Propaedeutics, Aesthetic, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, 23 Marinescu Street, 40015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; irimie.alexandra@ 123456umfcluj.ro (A.I.I.); ddudea@ 123456umfcluj.ro (D.D.)
                [2 ]Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 40015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; cornelia.braicu@ 123456umfcluj.ro (C.B.); cojocneanur@ 123456gmail.com (R.C.-P.); ioananeagoe29@ 123456gmail.com (I.B.-N.)
                [3 ]MEDFUTURE-Research Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu-Hatieganu, 23 Marinescu Street, 40015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; laura.sonea16@ 123456gmail.com (L.S.); andreea.zimta@ 123456umfcluj.ro (A.A.Z.)
                [4 ]Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical University, 3 Hristo Botev Blvd, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; k_tonchev@ 123456yahoo.com
                [5 ]Clinic of Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital “St. George”, 66 Peshtersko Shosse Blvd, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
                [6 ]Department of Medical Biology, Medical University Plovdiv, 15-А Vasil Aprilov Bul, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; ni_ki82@ 123456abv.bg
                [7 ]Prosthetics and Dental materials, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, 32 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
                [8 ]Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, The Oncology Institute “Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta”, Republicii 34th street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: dana.buduru@ 123456umfcluj.ro ; Tel.: +40-264-597256
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7450-9454
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6718-6167
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9301-5479
                Article
                ijms-18-02620
                10.3390/ijms18122620
                5751223
                29206174
                3013a24c-bdc3-4b37-8376-2df35145a310
                © 2017 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 21 October 2017
                : 17 November 2017
                Categories
                Review

                Molecular biology
                oral cancer,non-coding rna,mirna,lncrna,pirna,circrna
                Molecular biology
                oral cancer, non-coding rna, mirna, lncrna, pirna, circrna

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