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      The effect of smartphone usage at bedtime on sleep quality among Saudi non- medical staff at King Saud University Medical City

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          Abstract

          Objective:

          This study's main objectives are to examine the prevalence of smartphone usage at bedtime and its effect on sleep quality among Saudi non-medical staff working in King Saud University medical city in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

          Methods:

          This cross-sectional study was carried out over the period from January 2016 to July 2016 A sample of 435 Saudi adults aged 21 years and above working in King Saud University Medical City in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia participated in a self-reported Arabic questionnaire about bedtime usage of smartphone and sleep quality. Sleep quality was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Data were analyzed using odds ratio.

          Results:

          More than 98% of the respondents owned a smartphone, and nine out of ten use their smartphones at bedtime. Social media was the most used service among participants. An increase in bedtime smartphone use specially more than 60 minutes makes participants at great risk of having poor sleep quality.

          Conclusion:

          our findings suggest that employees who use their smartphones more at bedtime have more risk of being poor sleepers. More attention should be drawn to the misuse of smartphones and its effect sleep quality, health and productivity of adults.

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          Mobile phone use and stress, sleep disturbances, and symptoms of depression among young adults - a prospective cohort study

          Sara Thomée, Annika Härenstam, Mats Hagberg (2011)
          Background Because of the quick development and widespread use of mobile phones, and their vast effect on communication and interactions, it is important to study possible negative health effects of mobile phone exposure. The overall aim of this study was to investigate whether there are associations between psychosocial aspects of mobile phone use and mental health symptoms in a prospective cohort of young adults. Methods The study group consisted of young adults 20-24 years old (n = 4156), who responded to a questionnaire at baseline and 1-year follow-up. Mobile phone exposure variables included frequency of use, but also more qualitative variables: demands on availability, perceived stressfulness of accessibility, being awakened at night by the mobile phone, and personal overuse of the mobile phone. Mental health outcomes included current stress, sleep disorders, and symptoms of depression. Prevalence ratios (PRs) were calculated for cross-sectional and prospective associations between exposure variables and mental health outcomes for men and women separately. Results There were cross-sectional associations between high compared to low mobile phone use and stress, sleep disturbances, and symptoms of depression for the men and women. When excluding respondents reporting mental health symptoms at baseline, high mobile phone use was associated with sleep disturbances and symptoms of depression for the men and symptoms of depression for the women at 1-year follow-up. All qualitative variables had cross-sectional associations with mental health outcomes. In prospective analysis, overuse was associated with stress and sleep disturbances for women, and high accessibility stress was associated with stress, sleep disturbances, and symptoms of depression for both men and women. Conclusions High frequency of mobile phone use at baseline was a risk factor for mental health outcomes at 1-year follow-up among the young adults. The risk for reporting mental health symptoms at follow-up was greatest among those who had perceived accessibility via mobile phones to be stressful. Public health prevention strategies focusing on attitudes could include information and advice, helping young adults to set limits for their own and others' accessibility.
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            Evening exposure to a light-emitting diodes (LED)-backlit computer screen affects circadian physiology and cognitive performance.

            Christian Cajochen, Sylvia Frey, Doreen Anders … (2011)
            Many people spend an increasing amount of time in front of computer screens equipped with light-emitting diodes (LED) with a short wavelength (blue range). Thus we investigated the repercussions on melatonin (a marker of the circadian clock), alertness, and cognitive performance levels in 13 young male volunteers under controlled laboratory conditions in a balanced crossover design. A 5-h evening exposure to a white LED-backlit screen with more than twice as much 464 nm light emission {irradiance of 0,241 Watt/(steradian × m(2)) [W/(sr × m(2))], 2.1 × 10(13) photons/(cm(2) × s), in the wavelength range of 454 and 474 nm} than a white non-LED-backlit screen [irradiance of 0,099 W/(sr × m(2)), 0.7 × 10(13) photons/(cm(2) × s), in the wavelength range of 454 and 474 nm] elicited a significant suppression of the evening rise in endogenous melatonin and subjective as well as objective sleepiness, as indexed by a reduced incidence of slow eye movements and EEG low-frequency activity (1-7 Hz) in frontal brain regions. Concomitantly, sustained attention, as determined by the GO/NOGO task; working memory/attention, as assessed by "explicit timing"; and declarative memory performance in a word-learning paradigm were significantly enhanced in the LED-backlit screen compared with the non-LED condition. Screen quality and visual comfort were rated the same in both screen conditions, whereas the non-LED screen tended to be considered brighter. Our data indicate that the spectral profile of light emitted by computer screens impacts on circadian physiology, alertness, and cognitive performance levels. The challenge will be to design a computer screen with a spectral profile that can be individually programmed to add timed, essential light information to the circadian system in humans.
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              Bedtime mobile phone use and sleep in adults.

              Liese Exelmans, Jan Van den Bulck (2016)
              The few studies that have investigated the relationship between mobile phone use and sleep have mainly been conducted among children and adolescents. In adults, very little is known about mobile phone usage in bed our after lights out. This cross-sectional study set out to examine the association between bedtime mobile phone use and sleep among adults.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Family Med Prim Care
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Family Med Prim Care
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JFMPC
                Title: Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care
                Publisher: Wolters Kluwer - Medknow (India )
                ISSN (Print): 2249-4863
                ISSN (Electronic): 2278-7135
                Publication date (Print): June 2019
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 6
                Pages: 1953-1957
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Fahdah Alshobaili, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Dr. Fahdah A. Alshobaili, Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Fahdah Alshobaili, P.O Box 301910, Riyadh - 11372, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail: fahdas@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: JFMPC-8-1953
                DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_269_19
                PMC ID: 6618184
                PubMed ID: 31334161
                SO-VID: 302d42a8-3672-4a52-8725-daa087dff7d4
                Copyright © Copyright: © 2019 Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care
                License:

                This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

                History
                Date received : 31 March 2019
                Date revision received : 31 March 2019
                Date accepted : 15 April 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                Keywords: bedtime,saudi,sleep quality,smartphone
                Data availability:
                Keywords: bedtime, saudi, sleep quality, smartphone

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