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      Laser-Induced Graphene Strain Sensors for Body Movement Monitoring

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          Abstract

          To enable the development of artificial intelligence of things, the improvement of the strain sensing mechanisms and optimization of the interconnections are needed. Direct laser writing to obtain laser-induced graphene (LIG) is being studied as a promising technique for producing wearable, lightweight, highly sensitive, and reliable strain sensors. These devices show a higher degree of flexibility and stretchability when transferred to an elastomeric substrate. In this article, we manufactured polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-encapsulated LIG piezoresistive strain sensors with a quasi-linear behavior and a gauge factor of 111. The produced LIG was morphologically characterized via Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy before and after the electromechanical characterization and before and after the LIG transfer to PDMS. The results from these analyses revealed that the integrity of the material after the test was not affected and that the LIG volume in contact with the substrate increased after transfer and encapsulation in PDMS, leading to the improvement of the sensor performance. The sensors’ capability for measuring bend angles accurately was demonstrated experimentally, making them useable in a wide range of applications for human body movement monitoring as well as for structural health monitoring. Regarding body monitoring, a PDMS-encapsulated LIG sensor for knee bending angle detection was proposed. This device showed unaffected performance of 1500 cycles under 8% uniaxial deformation and with response times in the range of 1–2 s

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          Most cited references58

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          Interpretation of Raman spectra of disordered and amorphous carbon

          Physical Review B, 61(20), 14095-14107
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            Laser-induced porous graphene films from commercial polymers

            Synthesis and patterning of carbon nanomaterials cost effectively is a challenge in electronic and energy storage devices. Here report a one-step, scalable approach for producing and patterning porous graphene films with 3-dimensional networks from commercial polymer films using a CO2 infrared laser. The sp3-carbon atoms are photothermally converted to sp2-carbon atoms by pulsed laser irradiation. The resulting laser-induced graphene (LIG) exhibits high electrical conductivity. The LIG can be readily patterned to interdigitated electrodes for in-plane microsupercapacitors with specific capacitances of >4 mF·cm−2 and power densities of ~9 mW·cm−2. Theoretical calculations partially suggest that enhanced capacitance may result from LIG’s unusual ultra-polycrystalline lattice of pentagon-heptagon structures. Combined with the advantage of one-step processing of LIG in air from commercial polymer sheets, which would allow the employment of a roll-to-roll manufacturing process, this technique provides a rapid route to polymer-written electronic and energy storage devices.
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              Giant intrinsic carrier mobilities in graphene and its bilayer.

              We have studied temperature dependences of electron transport in graphene and its bilayer and found extremely low electron-phonon scattering rates that set the fundamental limit on possible charge carrier mobilities at room temperature. Our measurements show that mobilities higher than 200 000 cm2/V s are achievable, if extrinsic disorder is eliminated. A sharp (thresholdlike) increase in resistivity observed above approximately 200 K is unexpected but can qualitatively be understood within a model of a rippled graphene sheet in which scattering occurs on intraripple flexural phonons.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ACS Omega
                ACS Omega
                ao
                acsodf
                ACS Omega
                American Chemical Society
                2470-1343
                30 August 2024
                17 September 2024
                : 9
                : 37
                : 38359-38370
                Affiliations
                []Instituto de Sistemas Optoelectrónicos y Microtecnología, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid , Av. Complutense 30, Madrid 28040, Spain
                []Departamento de Física Aplicada e Ingeniería de Materiales, E.T.S.I Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid , C/José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
                [§ ]Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales-CIME, E.T.S.I de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid , C/Profesor Aranguren s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
                []Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica, E.T.S.I de Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid , Av. Complutense 30, Madrid 28040, Spain
                Author notes
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5496-1631
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5000-2974
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5240-6702
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4517-2415
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5912-1128
                Article
                10.1021/acsomega.3c09067
                11411667
                39310190
                3044027d-8ed1-49de-9e38-6815a8f9bb68
                © 2024 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society

                Permits non-commercial access and re-use, provided that author attribution and integrity are maintained; but does not permit creation of adaptations or other derivative works ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 14 November 2023
                : 14 August 2024
                : 11 August 2024
                Funding
                Funded by: Comunidad de Madrid, doi 10.13039/100012818;
                Award ID: (MAD2D-CM)-UPM1
                Funded by: Agencia Estatal de Investigación,Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, doi NA;
                Award ID: PID2022-137274NB-C33PID
                Funded by: European Social Fund Plus, doi 10.13039/501100004895;
                Award ID: NA
                Funded by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, doi 10.13039/501100004837;
                Award ID: PID2020-114234RBC22
                Funded by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, doi 10.13039/501100004837;
                Award ID: FPU18/03235
                Funded by: Comunidad de Madrid, doi 10.13039/100012818;
                Award ID: P2018/NMT-4511
                Funded by: Comunidad de Madrid, doi 10.13039/100012818;
                Award ID: NMAT2D-CM (P2018/NMT4511)
                Categories
                Article
                Custom metadata
                ao3c09067
                ao3c09067

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