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      ¿Es la grasa abdominal subcutánea un predictor de la variabilidad cardíaca en hombres con bajo riesgo metabólico? Translated title: Is the abdominal subcutaneous fat a predictor of heart rate variability in men with low metabolic risk?

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          Abstract

          Introducción: Aunque el sobrepeso/obesidad, adiposidad aumentada e inactividad física se asocian a menor variabilidad cardíaca y desregulación autonómica, no se ha explorado en detalle la relación entre estos factores en sujetos de bajo riesgo metabólico. Objetivo: Analizar el tipo y fuerza de asociación entre la variabilidad cardíaca en reposo y la adiposidad en hombres jóvenes, delgados y físicamente activos. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo transversal. Se analizaron los componentes espectrales de la variabilidad cardíaca en 24 hombres de 18-30 años físicamente activos, con peso y adiposidad normales. Se realizaron análisis de regresión lineal múltiple para explicar la variabilidad cardíaca en función de la relación cintura/cadera, pliegue abdominal y actividad física. Resultados: El volumen de actividad física semanal se relacionó positivamente con RMSSD y HF, y negativamente con LF y LF/HF. La relación cintura/cadera y el pliegue abdominal se relacionaron positivamente con HF y negativamente con LF y LF/HF. En todos los casos, los coeficientes de regresión β tipificados estuvieron entre 0,395 y 0,505 (p<0,05). El índice de grasa visceral calculado a partir de bioimpedancia no mostró relación alguna. Conclusiones: Los hallazgos aquí reportados son indicativos de que en hombres jóvenes, delgados y físicamente activos, la actividad física y la grasa subcutánea se relacionan positivamente con el tono vagal y negativamente con el tono simpático, lo que lleva a postular que la acumulación del exceso calórico en forma de tejido adiposo subcutáneo (y no visceral) podría ser un mecanismo de protección contra el desarrollo de síndrome metabólico en estos sujetos.

          Translated abstract

          Objective: To measure the type and strength of the potential association between heart rate variability at rest and some indicators of adiposity in young, lean, and physically active men. Introduction: Although overweight/obesity, increased adiposity and physical inactivity are associated with decreased heart rate variability and autonomic dysregulation, the relationship between these factors has not been explored in detail in subjects with low metabolic risk: normal weight, low adiposity and physically active. Methodology: Cross-sectional analytical study. The spectral components of heart rate variability were analyzed in 24 physically active men, 18-30 years old, with normal weight and adiposity. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to explain heart rate variability as a function of waist to hip ratio, abdominal skinfod and physical activity. Results: The volume of weekly physical activity was positively related to RMSSD and HF, and negatively with LF and LF/HF. Both the waist to hip ratio and abdominal skinfold were positively related with HF, and negatively with LF and LF/HF. In all cases, the B regression standardized coefficients were between 0.395 and 0.505 (p<0.05). The visceral fat rating calculated from bioimpedance showed no relation. Conclusions: The findings reported here are indicative that in young, lean and physically active men, physical activity and subcutaneous fat are positively related to vagal tone and negatively with sympathetic tone. This leads us to postulate that the accumulation of caloric excess in the form of subcutaneous adipose tissue (not visceral) might be a protective mechanism against the development of metabolic syndrome in these subjects.

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          Dose response between physical activity and risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis.

          No reviews have quantified the specific amounts of physical activity required for lower risks of coronary heart disease when assessing the dose-response relation. Instead, previous reviews have used qualitative estimates such as low, moderate, and high physical activity. We performed an aggregate data meta-analysis of epidemiological studies investigating physical activity and primary prevention of CHD. We included prospective cohort studies published in English since 1995. After reviewing 3194 abstracts, we included 33 studies. We used random-effects generalized least squares spline models for trend estimation to derive pooled dose-response estimates. Among the 33 studies, 9 allowed quantitative estimates of leisure-time physical activity. Individuals who engaged in the equivalent of 150 min/wk of moderate-intensity leisure-time physical activity (minimum amount, 2008 U.S. federal guidelines) had a 14% lower coronary heart disease risk (relative risk, 0.86; 95% confidence interval, 0.77 to 0.96) compared with those reporting no leisure-time physical activity. Those engaging in the equivalent of 300 min/wk of moderate-intensity leisure-time physical activity (2008 U.S. federal guidelines for additional benefits) had a 20% (relative risk, 0.80; 95% confidence interval, 0.74 to 0.88) lower risk. At higher levels of physical activity, relative risks were modestly lower. People who were physically active at levels lower than the minimum recommended amount also had significantly lower risk of coronary heart disease. There was a significant interaction by sex (P=0.03); the association was stronger among women than men. These findings provide quantitative data supporting US physical activity guidelines that stipulate that "some physical activity is better than none" and "additional benefits occur with more physical activity."
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            Physical inactivity The biggest public health problem in the 21st century

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              Relationship between deep subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue and metabolic syndrome: a case control study

              Background The deep subcutaneous adipose tissue (dSAT) is closely related to the obesity-associated complications similarly to the characteristics of visceral adipose tissue (VAT). However, the association between dSAT and metabolic syndrome (MS) is unclear. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the association of distinct abdominal adipose tissue with the cardiometabolic risk factors and MS. Methods Abdominal computed tomography (CT) images were obtained in 365 asymptomatic subjects (187 subjects with MS and 178 without MS). The axial images segmented into superficial and deep SAT by manually tracing the fascia superficialis at L4–5 levels. The concentrations of serum inflammatory cytokines and adipokines were also measured. Results The MS group had significantly lower adiponectin levels but significantly higher levels of resistin, leptin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and oxLDL than the control group (p < 0.05). All inflammatory cytokines and adipokines were associated with the sum of VAT and dSAT areas (VDAT) (P for trend < 0.05), but no significant correlation was found between inflammatory cytokines and sSAT. dSAT was significantly associated with MS in both men and women (OR 2.371; p < 0.001) whereas the ORs between sSAT and MS were not significant (p = 0.597). The age-adjusted ORs between VDAT and MS (OR of 8.359 in men and 3.183 in women, p < 0.001) were higher than those of VAT (OR of 7.941 in men and 2.570 in women, p < 0.05) and dSAT (OR of 2.954 in men and 1.856 in women, p < 0.05). Conclusions We demonstrated that dSAT was associated with increased inflammation and oxidative stress, suggesting that dSAT is an important determinant of MS. Therefore, abdominal subcutaneous fat should be considered as two functionally distinct compartments rather than a single entity.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                suis
                Revista de la Universidad Industrial de Santander. Salud
                Rev. Univ. Ind. Santander. Salud
                Universidad Industrial de Santander
                0121-0807
                September 2016
                : 48
                : 3
                : 341-351
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia UPTC Boyacá
                [2 ] Universidad del Rosario Colombia
                Article
                S0121-08072016000300009
                10.18273/revsal.v48n3-2016008
                309eafa0-a68d-420e-9ee9-cb19188f8545

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Colombia

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0121-0807&lng=en
                Categories
                PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

                Public health
                Frecuencia cardíaca,sistema nervioso parasimpático,distribución de la grasa corporal,grasa subcutánea abdominal,ejercicio,sistema nervioso autónomo,Heart rate control,parasympathetic nervous system,body fat distribution,subcutaneous abdominal fat,exercise,autonomic nervous system

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