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      Repeated CT-Guided Percutaneous Radiofrequency Thermocoagulation for Recurrent Trigeminal Neuralgia

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          Abstract

          Aims: To investigate the long-term outcomes of repeated percutaneous radiofrequency thermocoagulation (PRT) for recurrent trigeminal neuralgia (TN) patients. Methods: Between 2002 and 2012, 33 patients with recurrent TN following an initial PRT procedure were retrospectively studied and underwent 43 repeated PRT procedures. Results: The mean length of follow-up after repeated PRT was 34 months. Pain relief was immediate in 30 patients (90.9%), and no pain relief occurred in 3 patients (9.1%) following a second PRT procedure. The percentage of patients who remained in an ‘excellent' and ‘good' pain relief condition (pain intensity ≤BIN grade III) after the second PRT procedure was 75% at 1 year, 68% at 2 years and 68% at 5 years, and 22 of these patients (54.5%) remained satisfied with their pain relief during the follow-up period. Nine patients underwent PRT three times and 1 patient four times. The total number of patients who benefited from repeated PRT was 28 (84.8%). Postprocedure complications including masseter weakness were present in 3 patients and limited mouth opening affected 1 patient. No mortalities were observed during or after repeated PRT procedures. Conclusion: Repeated PRT provides long-term pain relief benefits to patients with recurrent TN and should be considered as an alternative treatment for recurrent TN.

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          Most cited references12

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          AAN-EFNS guidelines on trigeminal neuralgia management.

          Several issues regarding diagnosis, pharmacological treatment, and surgical treatment of trigeminal neuralgia (TN) are still unsettled. The American Academy of Neurology and the European Federation of Neurological Societies launched a joint Task Force to prepare general guidelines for the management of this condition. After systematic review of the literature the Task Force came to a series of evidence-based recommendations. In patients with TN MRI may be considered to identify patients with structural causes. The presence of trigeminal sensory deficits, bilateral involvement, and abnormal trigeminal reflexes should be considered useful to disclose symptomatic TN, whereas younger age of onset, involvement of the first division, unresponsiveness to treatment and abnormal trigeminal evoked potentials are not useful in distinguishing symptomatic from classic TN. Carbamazepine (stronger evidence) or oxcarbazepine (better tolerability) should be offered as first-line treatment for pain control. For patients with TN refractory to medical therapy early surgical therapy may be considered. Gasserian ganglion percutaneous techniques, gamma knife and microvascular decompression may be considered. Microvascular decompression may be considered over other surgical techniques to provide the longest duration of pain freedom. The role of surgery versus pharmacotherapy in the management of TN in patients with multiple sclerosis remains uncertain.
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            Percutaneous controlled radiofrequency trigeminal rhizotomy for the treatment of idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia: 25-year experience with 1,600 patients.

            The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of percutaneous, controlled radiofrequency trigeminal rhizotomy (RF-TR). The outcome of 1,600 patients with idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia after RF-TR was analyzed after a follow-up period of 1 to 25 years. A total of 1,600 patients with idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia underwent 2,138 percutaneous radiofrequency rhizotomy procedures between 1974 and 1999. Sixty-seven patients had bilateral idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia, and 36 of them were treated with bilateral RF-TR; 1,216 patients (76%) were successfully managed with a single procedure, and the remainder were treated with multiple procedures. Benzodiazepines and narcotic analgesics were used for anesthesia because patient cooperation during the procedures was essential so that the physician could create selective, controlled lesions. The average follow-up time was 68.1 +/- 66.4 months (range, 12-300 mo). Acute pain relief was accomplished in 97.6% of patients. Complete pain relief was achieved at 5 years in 57.7% of the patients who underwent a single procedure. Pain relief was reported in 92% of patients with a single procedure or with multiple procedures 5 years after the first rhizotomy was performed. At 10-year follow-up, 52.3% of the patients who underwent a single procedure and 94.2% of the patients who underwent multiple procedures had experienced pain relief; at 20-year follow-up, 41 and 100% of these patients, respectively, had experienced pain relief. No mortalities occurred. After the first procedure was performed, early pain recurrence (<6 mo) was observed in 123 patients (7.7%) and late pain recurrence was observed in 278 patients (17.4%). Complications included diminished corneal reflex in 91 patients (5.7%), masseter weakness and paralysis in 66 (4.1%), dysesthesia in 16 (1 %), anesthesia dolorosa in 12 (0.8%), keratitis in 10 (0.6%), and transient paralysis of Cranial Nerves III and VI in 12 (0.8%). Permanent Cranial Nerve VI palsy was observed in two patients, cerebrospinal fluid leakage in two, carotid-cavernous fistula in one, and aseptic meningitis in one. Percutaneous, controlled RF-TR represents a minimally invasive, low-risk technique with a high rate of efficacy. The procedure may safely be repeated if pain recurs.
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              Treatment options in trigeminal neuralgia.

              The incidence of trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is 4.3 per 100,000 persons per year, with a slightly higher incidence for women (5.9/100,000) compared with men (3.4/100,000). There is a lack of certainty regarding the aetiology and pathophysiology of TN. The treatment of TN can be very challenging despite the numerous options patients and physicians can choose from. This multitude of treatment options poses the question as to which treatment fits which patient best. The preferred medical treatment for TN consists of anticonvulsant drugs, muscle relaxants and neuroleptic agents. Large-scale placebo-controlled clinical trials are scarce. For patients refractory to medical therapy, Gasserian ganglion percutaneous techniques, gamma knife surgery and microvascular decompression are the most promising invasive treatment options.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ENE
                Eur Neurol
                10.1159/issn.0014-3022
                European Neurology
                S. Karger AG
                0014-3022
                1421-9913
                2014
                July 2014
                21 May 2014
                : 72
                : 1-2
                : 54-59
                Affiliations
                Pain Management, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
                Author notes
                *Jia-Xiang Ni, MD, Department of Pain Management, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053 (PR China), E-Mail nijiaxiang@263.net
                Article
                357868 Eur Neurol 2014;72:54-59
                10.1159/000357868
                24853911
                30cd0fd7-9147-4c7a-a4c3-fedb12fcae97
                © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel

                Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

                History
                : 03 September 2013
                : 09 December 2013
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 2, Pages: 6
                Categories
                Original Paper

                Geriatric medicine,Neurology,Cardiovascular Medicine,Neurosciences,Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry,Public health
                Percutaneous radiofrequency thermocoagulation,Pain,Trigeminal neuralgia,Recurrent trigeminal neuralgia

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