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      Expression of mRNA vascular endothelial growth factor in hypospadias patients

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          Abstract

          Background

          Hypospadias is a relatively common genital anomaly in humans, usually followed by inelastic dartos that causes penile chordee. Vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF) is strongly linked to the viscoelasticity of tissues and their elastic phase. This study aimed to evaluate VEGF expressions in (1) fascia dartos between hypospadias and controls and (2) chordee severity.

          Methods

          This prospective cohort study involved 65 specimens from patients with hypospadias and ten specimens from controls. The samples were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for VEGF expression.

          Results

          The expressions of VEGF were not different between proximal and distal hypospadias patients and controls (fold change: distal − 0.25; fold change: proximal − 0.2; p = 0.664). The scaled expressions related to chordee severity were mild − 0.1; moderate 0.1; severe − 0.25 ( p = 0.660).

          Conclusions

          VEGF expressions might not affect the severity of hypospadias and chordee, implying the pathogenesis is complex involving many growth factors. Further study with a larger sample size is necessary to clarify and confirm our findings.

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          Most cited references31

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          Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method.

          Kenneth Livak, Thomas D. Schmittgen (2001)
          The two most commonly used methods to analyze data from real-time, quantitative PCR experiments are absolute quantification and relative quantification. Absolute quantification determines the input copy number, usually by relating the PCR signal to a standard curve. Relative quantification relates the PCR signal of the target transcript in a treatment group to that of another sample such as an untreated control. The 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method is a convenient way to analyze the relative changes in gene expression from real-time quantitative PCR experiments. The purpose of this report is to present the derivation, assumptions, and applications of the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. In addition, we present the derivation and applications of two variations of the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method that may be useful in the analysis of real-time, quantitative PCR data. Copyright 2001 Elsevier Science (USA).
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            Growth factors and cytokines in wound healing.

            Stephan Barrientos, Olivera Stojadinovic, Michael S. Golinko … (2009)
            Wound healing is an evolutionarily conserved, complex, multicellular process that, in skin, aims at barrier restoration. This process involves the coordinated efforts of several cell types including keratinocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, macrophages, and platelets. The migration, infiltration, proliferation, and differentiation of these cells will culminate in an inflammatory response, the formation of new tissue and ultimately wound closure. This complex process is executed and regulated by an equally complex signaling network involving numerous growth factors, cytokines and chemokines. Of particular importance is the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) family, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), interleukin (IL) family, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha family. Currently, patients are treated by three growth factors: PDGF-BB, bFGF, and GM-CSF. Only PDGF-BB has successfully completed randomized clinical trials in the Unites States. With gene therapy now in clinical trial and the discovery of biodegradable polymers, fibrin mesh, and human collagen serving as potential delivery systems other growth factors may soon be available to patients. This review will focus on the specific roles of these growth factors and cytokines during the wound healing process.
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              A tense situation: forcing tumour progression.

              Darci Butcher, Tamara Alliston, Valerie Weaver (2009)
              Cells within tissues are continuously exposed to physical forces including hydrostatic pressure, shear stress, and compression and tension forces. Cells dynamically adapt to force by modifying their behaviour and remodelling their microenvironment. They also sense these forces through mechanoreceptors and respond by exerting reciprocal actomyosin- and cytoskeletal-dependent cell-generated force by a process termed 'mechanoreciprocity'. Loss of mechanoreciprocity has been shown to promote the progression of disease, including cancer. Moreover, the mechanical properties of a tissue contribute to disease progression, compromise treatment and might also alter cancer risk. Thus, the changing force that cells experience needs to be considered when trying to understand the complex nature of tumorigenesis.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Prahara Yuri: prahara.yuri@ugm.ac.id , prahara.yuri@gmail.com
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Urol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Urol
                Title: BMC Urology
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1471-2490
                Publication date (Electronic): 27 November 2021
                Publication date PMC-release: 27 November 2021
                Publication date Collection: 2021
                Volume: 21
                Electronic Location Identifier: 163
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.8570.a, Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, , Universitas Gadjah Mada/Dr. Sardjito Hospital, ; Jl. Kesehatan No.1, Yogyakarta, 55281 Indonesia
                [2 ]GRID grid.8570.a, Pediatric Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, , Universitas Gadjah Mada/Dr. Sardjito Hospital, ; Yogyakarta, Indonesia
                [3 ]GRID grid.8570.a, Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, , Universitas Gadjah Mada/Dr. Sardjito Hospital, ; Yogyakarta, Indonesia
                Article
                Publisher ID: 930
                DOI: 10.1186/s12894-021-00930-4
                PMC ID: 8627631
                PubMed ID: 34837995
                SO-VID: 311531a0-08d5-4db7-b7d9-bbca022554e3
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2021
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                Date received : 12 August 2021
                Date accepted : 18 November 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Research
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2021

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Urology
                Keywords: hypospadias,vegf,dartos tissue,elasticity,chordee,penile curvature
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Urology
                Keywords: hypospadias, vegf, dartos tissue, elasticity, chordee, penile curvature

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