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      Challenges and implementation of the German maternity protection act for female medical students in macroscopic anatomical education Translated title: Herausforderungen und Umsetzung des Mutterschutzgesetzes für Studentinnen der Humanmedizin im Rahmen der makroskopisch-anatomischen Lehre

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          Abstract

          Background: Recent decades have seen controversial discussions on the validity of dissection courses in medical education, with alternative programs tested for various reasons. On April 1, 2015 the classification of formaldehyde as a hazardous substance was upgraded by the EU, leding to some universities precluding the participation of pregnant and breastfeeding students in dissection course. However, the revision to the Maternity Protection Act, implemented in Germany on January 1, 2018, now protects student mothers from being disadvantaged in their studies as a consequence of their pregnancy or breastfeeding. Therefore, universities must offer alternatives to dissection courses using formaldehyde to these female students.

          Project description: As an alternative to regular dissection courses, which use the abovementioned chemical, the Centre for Anatomy at Charité has opted for developing dedicated courses for student mothers. These new courses use plastinated prosection material instead of formalin-treated cadavers of body donors. As the core of the anatomical education takes place during the third and fourth semester in the current curriculum of human medicine at Charité the alternative courses are limited to those two semesters. Additionally, alternative exams at the end of both semesters had to be developed. The alternative courses were designed to offer pregnant and breastfeeding students a study program as close as possible to the one in which their peers learn human anatomy.

          Results: For the new courses, plastinates had to be produced and further specimens are still needed. Additionally required sets of bones, models and radiological images were readily available at the Centre for Anatomy. The planning and conceptualization of the courses took half a year of intense preparation. The courses for the third and fourth semester were first running during summer semester 2017. There is a clear demand for courses among pregnant and breastfeeding students. At least 5 student participants per course were registered, corresponding to every fortieth female student in their semester cohorts. The highest number of student participants was 13 in one course so far. The performances of the participants in the anatomical examinations were matching that of students attending the regular courses.

          Discussion: The alternative macroscopic anatomy courses enable the implementation of the revised Maternity Protection Act. The targeted student group is highly satisfied with the offered alternative courses. Considering the number of participants and their examination performance so far, the Centre for Anatomy regards the efforts involved in planning and implementing the courses as justified. The courses allow pregnant and breastfeeding students to address the same anatomical themes at the same time as their fellow students. However, due to restricted flexibility of plastinates and because students cannot prepare specific anatomical structures independently the scope of topographic learning is limited. That being said, well-produced plastinates can display anatomical structures which often cannot be dissected in regular courses. The alternative macroscopic anatomy courses using plastinates constitute suitable alternatives to the regular dissection courses with formalin-treated cadavers for pregnant and breastfeeding students.

          Zusammenfassung

          Hintergrund: Während der letzten Jahrzehnte wurde viel und kontrovers über die Notwendigkeit der Dissektionskurse in der Ausbildung angehender Humanmediziner*innen diskutiert. Aus unterschiedlichen Gründen wurden verschiedene Alternativen getestet. Die zum 01.04.2015 geänderte Gefahrenstoffeinstufung von Formaldehyd bewirkte an Universitäten teilweise den Ausschluss von schwangeren und stillenden Studentinnen aus den Präpariersälen. Die in Deutschland zum 01.01.2018 in Kraft getretene Neuregelung des Mutterschutzgesetzes schützt seitdem auch die studentischen Mütter vor nachteiliger Behandlung aufgrund von Schwangerschaft oder Stillen. Deswegen sollten die Universitäten den Studentinnen Ersatzmöglichkeiten anbieten.

          Projektbeschreibung: Für schwangere und stillende Studentinnen hat sich der Fächerverbund Anatomie als Alternative zu den regulären Präparierkursen für Ersatzkurse mit Plastinaten anstelle von formaldehydfixierten Körpern von Körperspender*innen entschieden und entsprechende Konzepte erarbeitet. Im Modellstudiengang Medizin der Charité findet der Hauptteil der anatomischen Ausbildung im 3. und 4. Fachsemester (FS) statt, weswegen die alternativen Kurse auf diese FS beschränkt sind. Ebenfalls mussten alternative Prüfungen nach beiden FS ermöglicht werden. Die Alternativkurse sollen den Studentinnen möglichst die gleichen Voraussetzungen für das Erlernen der menschlichen Anatomie bieten, wie sie ihre Kommiliton*innen haben.

          Ergebnisse: Viele Plastinate mussten und einige müssen zurzeit noch neu hergestellt werden. Über einen zusätzlich benötigten Satz an Knochen, Modellen und radiologischen Abbildungen verfügte der Fächerverbund Anatomie bereits. Planung und Kurskonzeptionen bedurften ein halbes Jahr intensiver Ausarbeitungen. Zum Sommersemester 2017 konnten die Kurse des 3. und 4. FS erstmalig durchgeführt werden. Die Nachfrage durch schwangere und stillende Studentinnen ist vorhanden. Mindestens 5 Teilnehmerinnen waren jeweils eingeschrieben, was jeder 40. Studentin im jeweiligen FS entspricht. Das bisherige Maximum eines Kurses lag bei 13 Teilnehmerinnen. Die erbrachten anatomischen Prüfungsleistungen sind annähernd dieselben, wie die der Teilnehmerinnen der regulären Kurse.

          Diskussion: Das Alternativangebot setzt die Neuregelung des Mutterschutzgesetzes sehr gut um. Die Zufriedenheit bei den entsprechenden Studentinnen ist hoch. Der planerische als auch der praktische Mehraufwand bei der Durchführung der Kurse wird aufgrund der Anzahl der Teilnehmerinnen und der bisherigen Prüfungsleistungen vom Fächerverbund als gerechtfertigt eingestuft. Die Studentinnen haben die Möglichkeit dieselben Themen zeitgleich mit ihren Kommiliton*innen zu behandeln. Das nicht selbstständige, gezielte Präparieren von Körperstrukturen sowie die Inflexibilität der Plastinate stellen Limitationen bezüglich des topografischen Lernens dar. Andererseits können durch gut gearbeitete Plastinate auch Strukturen dargestellt werden, die in den regulären Kursen häufig nicht präpariert werden. Die Ersatzkurse mit Plastinaten stellen für schwangere und stillende Studentinnen eine sehr gute Alternative zu den Dissektionskursen mit formaldehydfixierten Körpern dar.

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          Most cited references41

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          Best teaching practices in anatomy education: A critical review.

          In this report we review the range of teaching resources and strategies used in anatomy education with the aim of coming up with suggestions about the best teaching practices in this area. There is much debate about suitable methods of delivering anatomical knowledge. Competent clinicians, particularly surgeons, need a deep understanding of anatomy for safe clinical procedures. However, because students have had very limited exposure to anatomy during clinical training, there is a concern that medical students are ill-prepared in anatomy when entering clerkships and residency programs. Therefore, developing effective modalities for teaching anatomy is essential to safe medical practice. Cadaver-based instruction has survived as the main instructional tool for hundreds of years, however, there are differing views on whether full cadaver dissection is still appropriate for a modern undergraduate training. The limitations on curricular time, trained anatomy faculty and resources for gross anatomy courses in integrated or/and system-based curricula, have led many medical schools to abandon costly and time-consuming dissection-based instruction in favour of alternative methods of instruction including prosection, medical imaging, living anatomy and multimedia resources. To date, no single teaching tool has been found to meet curriculum requirements. The best way to teach modern anatomy is by combining multiple pedagogical resources to complement one another, students appear to learn more effectively when multimodal and system-based approaches are integrated. Our review suggests that certain professions would have more benefit from certain educational methods or strategies than others. Full body dissection would be best reserved for medical students, especially those with surgical career intentions, while teaching based on prosections and plastination is more suitable for dental, pharmacy and allied health science students. There is a need to direct future research towards evaluation of the suitability of the new teaching methodologies in new curricula and student perceptions of integrated and multimodal teaching paradigms, and the ability of these to satisfy learning outcomes.
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            Anatomy in a modern medical curriculum.

            Anatomy in undergraduate education has been in decline for many years. Some suggest that it has fallen below a safe level. Balances between detail and safety, and assimilation and application of anatomy have yet to be established as the methods of teaching undergo another metamorphosis. For doctors, the human body is the focus of investigation and intervention on a daily basis; for this reason, the study of anatomy in some form will continue to be essential to safe medical practice. It is necessary for core knowledge of anatomy to be assimilated by all doctors in order to practice and communicate safely. It may be true that most doctors do not need to dissect a cadaver or study a prosection in order to practice, but if it can improve their understanding of what they do and why they do it, this surely has to be of benefit both for the safety of the patient and satisfaction of the doctor as a professional. Integration of newer teaching modalities and modern technology will encourage interest and retention of anatomical knowledge and its clinical relevance. Anatomy has a promising future in postgraduate specialist and surgical training. Detailed knowledge should be integrated into specialist training when it is clinically relevant allowing specialists of the future to practice safely and accurately and also to provide a strong base for future clinical developments.
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              Teaching anatomy without cadavers.

              Anatomy learning is generally seen as essential to medicine, and exposure to cadavers is generally seen as essential to anatomy learning around the world. Few voices dissenting from these propositions can be identified. This paper aims to consider arguments relating to the use of cadavers in anatomy teaching, and to describe the rationale behind the decision of a new UK medical school not to use cadaveric material. First, the background to use of cadavers in anatomy learning is explored, and some general educational principles are explored. Next, arguments for the use of human cadaveric material are summarised. Then, possible arguments against use of cadavers, including educational principles as well as costs, hazards and practicality, are considered. These are much less well explored in the existing literature. Next, the rationale behind the decision of a new UK medical school not to use cadaveric material is indicated, and the programme of anatomy teaching to be employed in the absence of the use of human remains is described. Curriculum design and development, and evaluation procedures, are briefly described. Issues surrounding pathology training by autopsy, and postgraduate training in surgical anatomy, are not addressed in this paper. Evidence relating to the effect on medical learning by students not exposed to cadavers is scant, and plainly opportunities will now arise through our programme to gather such evidence. We anticipate that this discussion paper will contribute to an ongoing debate, in which virtually all previous papers on this topic have concluded that use of cadavers is essential to medical learning.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                GMS J Med Educ
                GMS J Med Educ
                GMS J Med Educ
                GMS Journal for Medical Education
                German Medical Science GMS Publishing House
                2366-5017
                16 March 2020
                2020
                : 37
                : 2 , Diversity in medical education/Diversity in der medizinischen Aus- und Weiterbildung
                : Doc17
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institut für Integrative Neuroanatomie, Berlin, Germany
                [2 ]Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institut für Funktionelle Anatomie, Berlin, Germany
                Author notes
                *To whom correspondence should be addressed: Irene Brunk, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institut für Integrative Neuroanatomie, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany, E-mail: irene.brunk@ 123456charite.de
                Article
                zma001310 Doc17 urn:nbn:de:0183-zma0013107
                10.3205/zma001310
                7171363
                31236411-65bd-462f-8f64-12301fbdc39a
                Copyright © 2020 Kulisch et al.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. See license information at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 14 June 2019
                : 07 January 2020
                : 27 November 2019
                Categories
                Article

                maternity protection act,pregnancy,breastfeeding period,women,medical education,medicine,anatomy,anatomical dissection,university education,plastination,body donation,formaldehyde

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