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      Biodiversity losses and conservation responses in the Anthropocene.

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          Abstract

          Biodiversity is essential to human well-being, but people have been reducing biodiversity throughout human history. Loss of species and degradation of ecosystems are likely to further accelerate in the coming years. Our understanding of this crisis is now clear, and world leaders have pledged to avert it. Nonetheless, global goals to reduce the rate of biodiversity loss have mostly not been achieved. However, many examples of conservation success show that losses can be halted and even reversed. Building on these lessons to turn the tide of biodiversity loss will require bold and innovative action to transform historical relationships between human populations and nature.

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          Synergies among extinction drivers under global change.

          Barry W Brook, Navjot Sodhi, Corey J. A. Bradshaw (2008)
          If habitat destruction or overexploitation of populations is severe, species loss can occur directly and abruptly. Yet the final descent to extinction is often driven by synergistic processes (amplifying feedbacks) that can be disconnected from the original cause of decline. We review recent observational, experimental and meta-analytic work which together show that owing to interacting and self-reinforcing processes, estimates of extinction risk for most species are more severe than previously recognised. As such, conservation actions which only target single-threat drivers risk being inadequate because of the cascading effects caused by unmanaged synergies. Future work should focus on how climate change will interact with and accelerate ongoing threats to biodiversity, such as habitat degradation, overexploitation and invasive species.
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            Recovery of large carnivores in Europe's modern human-dominated landscapes.

            Guillaume Chapron, Petra Kaczensky, John Linnell … (2014)
            The conservation of large carnivores is a formidable challenge for biodiversity conservation. Using a data set on the past and current status of brown bears (Ursus arctos), Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), gray wolves (Canis lupus), and wolverines (Gulo gulo) in European countries, we show that roughly one-third of mainland Europe hosts at least one large carnivore species, with stable or increasing abundance in most cases in 21st-century records. The reasons for this overall conservation success include protective legislation, supportive public opinion, and a variety of practices making coexistence between large carnivores and people possible. The European situation reveals that large carnivores and people can share the same landscape. Copyright © 2014, American Association for the Advancement of Science.
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              Farming and the fate of wild nature.

              Rhys E. Green, Stephen Cornell, Jörn P W Scharlemann … (2005)
              World food demand is expected to more than double by 2050. Decisions about how to meet this challenge will have profound effects on wild species and habitats. We show that farming is already the greatest extinction threat to birds (the best known taxon), and its adverse impacts look set to increase, especially in developing countries. Two competing solutions have been proposed: wildlife-friendly farming (which boosts densities of wild populations on farmland but may decrease agricultural yields) and land sparing (which minimizes demand for farmland by increasing yield). We present a model that identifies how to resolve the trade-off between these approaches. This shows that the best type of farming for species persistence depends on the demand for agricultural products and on how the population densities of different species on farmland change with agricultural yield. Empirical data on such density-yield functions are sparse, but evidence from a range of taxa in developing countries suggests that high-yield farming may allow more species to persist.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Science
                Title: Science (New York, N.Y.)
                Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
                ISSN (Electronic): 1095-9203
                ISSN (Print): 0036-8075
                Publication date (Electronic): Apr 21 2017
                Volume: 356
                Issue: 6335
                Affiliations
                [1 ] School of Biological Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia. c.n.johnson@utas.edu.au.
                [2 ] Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.
                [3 ] School of Biological Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
                [4 ] Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Departamento de Ecologia, 13506-900 Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil.
                [5 ] School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, 100083 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
                [6 ] Long-Term Ecology Laboratory, Landcare Research, Post Office Box 69040, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand.
                [7 ] School of Environment, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: 356/6335/270
                DOI: 10.1126/science.aam9317
                PubMed ID: 28428393
                SO-VID: 312b610f-3d02-4fff-ac25-d4726d1f9c3e
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