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      Enfermedad por inyección de rellenos sintéticos permanentes (EIRSP). Recomendaciones del grupo de expertos del Capítulo de Biomateriales de la FILACP Translated title: Disease caused by permanent synthetic fillers FILACP Biomaterials Committee expert group recomendations

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          Abstract

          Resumen La enfermedad por rellenos sintéticos permanentes (EIRSP) representa un verdadero problema de salud pública sobre todo en América Latina, afectando a millones de personas, predominantemente mujeres de mediana edad de estrato económico medio-bajo. Actualmente no existe una conducta terapéutica consensuada, razón que motivó al Comité de Biomateriales de la FILACP 2020-2022 a crear un grupo de 9 expertos quienes se plantearon los siguientes objetivos: 1.- Resaltar la importancia de la enfermedad, 2.- Clasificar sus estadios clínicos, 3.- Proponer un protocolo integral de diagnóstico y tratamiento, 4.- Proponer una estrategia terapéutica multidisciplinaria y 5.- Promover campañas de prevención. El relleno sintético más utilizado con fines estéticos ha sido la silicona inyectada en cara, glúteos, mamas, miembros inferiores, manos y genitales, con alto potencial de migración. Otras substancias son el metacrilato, aceites minerales, parafina y la combinación de ellas. Ninguno de estos productos es de grado médico ni biocompatible. Al ser inyectados van a producir diversas reacciones locales y sistémicas desencadenadas por reacción de hipersensibilidad tipo IV, conduciendo al desarrollo de una enfermedad autoinmune de tejido conectivo. Se propone una clasificación basada en 6 estadios clínicos o grados. 1: Sin signos ni síntomas. 2: Cambios de coloración. 3: Inflamación, induraciones, cambios de textura y dolor. 4: Extrusión del producto con o sin infección. 5: Migración. 6: Complicaciones locales o sistémicas graves. Se establecen las pautas diagnósticas basadas en la historia clínica, exámenes de laboratorio, inmunológicos y radiológicos. Para este último, la resonancia magnética es la técnica de elección y en algunos casos, con excepción de glúteos y mamas, el ultrasonido es de gran utilidad. Se plantean medidas de cuidados y pautas terapéuticas dependiendo del grado clínico según la clasificación propuesta en pacientes afectados por rellenos sintéticos que comprometen las regiones glúteas, lumbosacra, facial, genital, mamaria, ganglios axilares e inguinales y miembros inferiores.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Disease caused by permanent synthetic fillers (EIRSP acronym in Spanish) represents a real public health problem, especially in Latin America, affecting millions of people, predominantly middle-aged women from a medium-low economic stratum. Currently, there is no consensual therapeutic behavior, the reason that motivated the FILACP Biomaterials Committee 2020-2022 to create a group of 9 experts, who set the following objectives: 1.- Highlight the importance of the disease, 2.- Classify the clinical stages, 3.- Propose a comprehensive diagnosis and treatment protocol, 4.- Propose a multidisciplinary therapeutic strategy and 5.- Promote prevention campaigns. The most widely used synthetic filler for aesthetic purposes has been silicone injected into the face, buttocks, breasts, lower limbs, hands and genitals, with a high potential for migration. Other substances are methacrylate, mineral oils, paraffin, and a combination. None of these products have a medical grade or are biocompatible. When injected, they will produce various local and systemic reactions triggered by type IV hypersensitivity reactions, leading to the development of autoimmune connective tissue disease. A classification based on 6 clinical stages or grades is proposed. 1: No signs or symptoms. 2: Color changes. 3: Inflammation, indurations, texture changes, and pain. 4: Extrusion of the product with or without infection. 5: Migration. 6: Severe local or systemic complications. Diagnostic guidelines are established based on clinical history, laboratory, immunological and radiological tests. For the latter, magnetic resonance imaging is the technique of choice, and in some cases, except for the buttocks and breasts, ultrasound is beneficial. Care measures and therapeutic guidelines are proposed depending on the clinical grade according to the proposed classification in patients affected by synthetic fillers that compromise the gluteal, lumbosacral, facial, genital, mammary regions, axillary and inguinal nodes and lower limbs.

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          Adjuvants and autoimmunity.

          Some adjuvants may exert adverse effects upon injection or, on the other hand, may not trigger a full immunological reaction. The mechanisms underlying adjuvant adverse effects are under renewed scrutiny because of the enormous implications for vaccine development. In the search for new and safer adjuvants, several new adjuvants were developed by pharmaceutical companies utilizing new immunological and chemical innovations. The ability of the immune system to recognize molecules that are broadly shared by pathogens is, in part, due to the presence of special immune receptors called toll-like receptors (TLRs) that are expressed on leukocyte membranes. The very fact that TLR activation leads to adaptive immune responses to foreign entities explains why so many adjuvants used today in vaccinations are developed to mimic TLR ligands. Alongside their supportive role, adjuvants were found to inflict by themselves an illness of autoimmune nature, defined as 'the adjuvant diseases'. The debatable question of silicone as an adjuvant and connective tissue diseases, as well as the Gulf War syndrome and macrophagic myofaciitis which followed multiple injections of aluminium-based vaccines, are presented here. Owing to the adverse effects exerted by adjuvants, there is no doubt that safer adjuvants need to be developed and incorporated into future vaccines. Other needs in light of new vaccine technologies are adjuvants suitable for use with mucosally delivered vaccines, DNA vaccines, cancer and autoimmunity vaccines. In particular, there is demand for safe and non-toxic adjuvants able to stimulate cellular (Th1) immunity. More adjuvants were approved to date besides alum for human vaccines, including MF59 in some viral vaccines, MPL, AS04, AS01B and AS02A against viral and parasitic infections, virosomes for HBV, HPV and HAV, and cholera toxin for cholera. Perhaps future adjuvants occupying other putative receptors will be employed to bypass the TLR signaling pathway completely in order to circumvent common side effects of adjuvant-activated TLRs such as local inflammation and the general malaise felt because of the costly whole-body immune response to antigen.
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            The ASIA syndrome: basic concepts

            The autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA), also known as Shoenfeld’s syndrome, encompasses several autoimmune conditions/phenomena that are induced following the exposure to substances with adjuvant activity. The disease spectrum is heterogeneous in respect to clinical presentation as well as severity of the clinical manifestations. Adjuvants are included in vaccination formulations for their immunogenic properties. Despite being generally well tolerated, safe and effective, some genetically predisposed individuals can develop generalized non-specific constitutional symptoms, autoantibody production, new onset, or worsening of disease presentation. In this review, we focus on the current knowledge presented in the literature on ASIA syndrome, increasing physician awareness about the basic concepts of ASIA syndrome and highlight the devastating amount of data accumulated in the last few years concerning the relationship between various adjuvants and autoimmunity.
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              Abordaje multidisciplinario de la enfermedad humana por infiltración de sustancias modelantes

              En la búsqueda por mejorar la apariencia del cuerpo y de la cara con fines estéticos o reconstructivos por alguna deformidad, han aparecido técnicas no quirúrgicas que consisten en inyectar diversas sustancias modelantes bajo la premisa de que son métodos sencillos, poco dolorosos, económicos y aparentemente seguros. La sociedad actual exige una mayor preocupación por los patrones estéticos, lo que ha motivado la práctica cada vez más frecuente de la aplicación de sustancias ilícitas con el fin de aumentar el volumen y modelar ciertas partes del cuerpo sin someterse a procedimientos quirúrgicos. La ignorancia que existe en algunos países como México y otros de Latinoamerica, ha propiciado que el número de pacientes que se somete a este tipo de tratamientos por personal no capacitado y en lugares no autorizados sea cada vez mayor, sin considerar el daño irreversible que causarán a su salud física, a su autoestima y finalmente a su calidad de vida futura. Los Servicios de Cirugía Plástica y Reumatología del Hospital General de México, han sido pioneros en el estudio integral y multidisciplinario de la enfermedad humana por modelantes, han ampliado el conocimiento de la historia natural de la enfermedad, de su tratamiento médico y quirúrgico, asi como de su pronóstico. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es concentrar toda esta información en un protocolo de manejo sistematizado, mediante búsqueda en el archivo del Servicio de Cirugia Plástica "Dr. Fernando Ortiz Monasterio" del Hospital General de Mexico. Esta búsqueda abarcó 35 pacientes de los cuales se obtuvieron resultados con datos durante el periodo 2006 a 2010, demostrando la importancia de diagnosticar a los pacientes, llevar un control estrecho, explicar paso a paso el proceso de su enfermedad, el tratamiento multidiciplinario, así como el pronóstico en cuanto a si es candidato a una reconstrucción o continuará con tratamiento médico.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                cpil
                Cirugía Plástica Ibero-Latinoamericana
                Cir. plást. iberolatinoam.
                Sociedad Española de Cirugía Plástica, Reparadora y Estética (SECPRE) (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0376-7892
                1989-2055
                September 2022
                : 48
                : 3
                : 287-304
                Affiliations
                [3] orgnameCirujano Plástico
                [6] orgnameInmunólogo
                [5] orgnameReumatólogo
                [1] orgnameFILACP
                [2] orgnameFILACP
                [4] orgnameRadiólogo
                Article
                S0376-78922022000300287 S0376-7892(22)04800300287
                10.4321/s0376-78922022000300006
                313318a1-b51d-484d-bc16-e00ff6a06ba1

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 30 July 2022
                : 30 June 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 23, Pages: 18
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Reconstructiva

                Polymethyl-methacrylate,Biopolímeros,Rellenos permanentes,inyección silicona,Polimetilmetacrilato,Síndrome ASIA.,Biopolymers,Permanent fillers,Silicone injection,ASIA Syndrome

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