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      Tissue-specific transcriptional imprinting and heterogeneity in human innate lymphoid cells revealed by full-length single-cell RNA-sequencing

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          Abstract

          The impact of the microenvironment on innate lymphoid cell (ILC)-mediated immunity in humans remains largely unknown. Here we used full-length Smart-seq2 single-cell RNA-sequencing to unravel tissue-specific transcriptional profiles and heterogeneity of CD127 + ILCs across four human tissues. Correlation analysis identified gene modules characterizing the migratory properties of tonsil and blood ILCs, and signatures of tissue-residency, activation and modified metabolism in colon and lung ILCs. Trajectory analysis revealed potential differentiation pathways from circulating and tissue-resident naïve ILCs to a spectrum of mature ILC subsets. In the lung we identified both CRTH2 + and CRTH2 ILC2 with lung-specific signatures, which could be recapitulated by alarmin-exposure of circulating ILC2. Finally, we describe unique TCR-V(D)J-rearrangement patterns of blood ILC1-like cells, revealing a subset of potentially immature ILCs with TCR-δ rearrangement. Our study provides a useful resource for in-depth understanding of ILC-mediated immunity in humans, with implications for disease.

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          STAR: ultrafast universal RNA-seq aligner.

          Accurate alignment of high-throughput RNA-seq data is a challenging and yet unsolved problem because of the non-contiguous transcript structure, relatively short read lengths and constantly increasing throughput of the sequencing technologies. Currently available RNA-seq aligners suffer from high mapping error rates, low mapping speed, read length limitation and mapping biases. To align our large (>80 billon reads) ENCODE Transcriptome RNA-seq dataset, we developed the Spliced Transcripts Alignment to a Reference (STAR) software based on a previously undescribed RNA-seq alignment algorithm that uses sequential maximum mappable seed search in uncompressed suffix arrays followed by seed clustering and stitching procedure. STAR outperforms other aligners by a factor of >50 in mapping speed, aligning to the human genome 550 million 2 × 76 bp paired-end reads per hour on a modest 12-core server, while at the same time improving alignment sensitivity and precision. In addition to unbiased de novo detection of canonical junctions, STAR can discover non-canonical splices and chimeric (fusion) transcripts, and is also capable of mapping full-length RNA sequences. Using Roche 454 sequencing of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction amplicons, we experimentally validated 1960 novel intergenic splice junctions with an 80-90% success rate, corroborating the high precision of the STAR mapping strategy. STAR is implemented as a standalone C++ code. STAR is free open source software distributed under GPLv3 license and can be downloaded from http://code.google.com/p/rna-star/.
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            WGCNA: an R package for weighted correlation network analysis

            Background Correlation networks are increasingly being used in bioinformatics applications. For example, weighted gene co-expression network analysis is a systems biology method for describing the correlation patterns among genes across microarray samples. Weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) can be used for finding clusters (modules) of highly correlated genes, for summarizing such clusters using the module eigengene or an intramodular hub gene, for relating modules to one another and to external sample traits (using eigengene network methodology), and for calculating module membership measures. Correlation networks facilitate network based gene screening methods that can be used to identify candidate biomarkers or therapeutic targets. These methods have been successfully applied in various biological contexts, e.g. cancer, mouse genetics, yeast genetics, and analysis of brain imaging data. While parts of the correlation network methodology have been described in separate publications, there is a need to provide a user-friendly, comprehensive, and consistent software implementation and an accompanying tutorial. Results The WGCNA R software package is a comprehensive collection of R functions for performing various aspects of weighted correlation network analysis. The package includes functions for network construction, module detection, gene selection, calculations of topological properties, data simulation, visualization, and interfacing with external software. Along with the R package we also present R software tutorials. While the methods development was motivated by gene expression data, the underlying data mining approach can be applied to a variety of different settings. Conclusion The WGCNA package provides R functions for weighted correlation network analysis, e.g. co-expression network analysis of gene expression data. The R package along with its source code and additional material are freely available at .
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              Comprehensive Integration of Single-Cell Data

              Single-cell transcriptomics has transformed our ability to characterize cell states, but deep biological understanding requires more than a taxonomic listing of clusters. As new methods arise to measure distinct cellular modalities, a key analytical challenge is to integrate these datasets to better understand cellular identity and function. Here, we develop a strategy to "anchor" diverse datasets together, enabling us to integrate single-cell measurements not only across scRNA-seq technologies, but also across different modalities. After demonstrating improvement over existing methods for integrating scRNA-seq data, we anchor scRNA-seq experiments with scATAC-seq to explore chromatin differences in closely related interneuron subsets and project protein expression measurements onto a bone marrow atlas to characterize lymphocyte populations. Lastly, we harmonize in situ gene expression and scRNA-seq datasets, allowing transcriptome-wide imputation of spatial gene expression patterns. Our work presents a strategy for the assembly of harmonized references and transfer of information across datasets.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                jenny.mjosberg@ki.se
                Journal
                Cell Res
                Cell Res
                Cell Research
                Springer Singapore (Singapore )
                1001-0602
                1748-7838
                8 January 2021
                8 January 2021
                May 2021
                : 31
                : 5
                : 554-568
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
                [2 ]Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
                [3 ]Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
                [4 ]Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biology, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
                [5 ]Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
                [6 ]Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
                [7 ]Institutet of Environmental Medicine, Center for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
                [8 ]Division of Thoracic Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
                [9 ]Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
                [10 ]Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
                [11 ]Division of Gastroenterology, Medical Unit Gastroenterology, Dermatovenereology and Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8150-4021
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5469-8940
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2224-7090
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4921-8516
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9334-1821
                Article
                445
                10.1038/s41422-020-00445-x
                8089104
                33420427
                3135d855-535b-4ff0-8a69-f6d6d9af1b1b
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 4 June 2020
                : 4 November 2020
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100004063, Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse (Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation);
                Award ID: 2014.0244
                Award ID: 2014.0244
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100002794, Cancerfonden (Swedish Cancer Society);
                Award ID: 16-0664, 2016/1134
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100004359, Vetenskapsrådet (Swedish Research Council);
                Award ID: 5521-2013-2791
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Article
                Custom metadata
                © Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, CAS 2021

                Cell biology
                innate immunity,bioinformatics
                Cell biology
                innate immunity, bioinformatics

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