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      Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Regenerative Medicine

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          Abstract

          In recent decades, the biomedical applications of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have attracted increasing attention. MSCs are easily extracted from the bone marrow, fat, and synovium, and differentiate into various cell lineages according to the requirements of specific biomedical applications. As MSCs do not express significant histocompatibility complexes and immune stimulating molecules, they are not detected by immune surveillance and do not lead to graft rejection after transplantation. These properties make them competent biomedical candidates, especially in tissue engineering. We present a brief overview of MSC extraction methods and subsequent potential for differentiation, and a comprehensive overview of their preclinical and clinical applications in regenerative medicine, and discuss future challenges.

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          Three-dimensional bioprinting of thick vascularized tissues.

          David B Kolesky, Kimberly A Homan, Mark A Skylar-Scott … (2016)
          The advancement of tissue and, ultimately, organ engineering requires the ability to pattern human tissues composed of cells, extracellular matrix, and vasculature with controlled microenvironments that can be sustained over prolonged time periods. To date, bioprinting methods have yielded thin tissues that only survive for short durations. To improve their physiological relevance, we report a method for bioprinting 3D cell-laden, vascularized tissues that exceed 1 cm in thickness and can be perfused on chip for long time periods (>6 wk). Specifically, we integrate parenchyma, stroma, and endothelium into a single thick tissue by coprinting multiple inks composed of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and human neonatal dermal fibroblasts (hNDFs) within a customized extracellular matrix alongside embedded vasculature, which is subsequently lined with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). These thick vascularized tissues are actively perfused with growth factors to differentiate hMSCs toward an osteogenic lineage in situ. This longitudinal study of emergent biological phenomena in complex microenvironments represents a foundational step in human tissue generation.
          Article 0 comments Cited 414 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Mesenchymal progenitor cells in human umbilical cord blood.

            A Erices, P Conget, J Minguell (2000)
            Haemopoiesis is sustained by two main cellular components, the haematopoietic cells (HSCs) and the mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs). MPCs are multipotent and are the precursors for marrow stroma, bone, cartilage, muscle and connective tissues. Although the presence of HSCs in umbilical cord blood (UCB) is well known, that of MPCs has been not fully evaluated. In this study, we examined the ability of UCB harvests to generate in culture cells with characteristics of MPCs. Results showed that UCB-derived mononuclear cells, when set in culture, gave rise to adherent cells, which exhibited either an osteoclast- or a mesenchymal-like phenotype. Cells with the osteoclast phenotype were multinucleated, expressed TRAP activity and antigens CD45 and CD51/CD61. In turn, cells with the mesenchymal phenotype displayed a fibroblast-like morphology and expressed several MPC-related antigens (SH2, SH3, SH4, ASMA, MAB 1470, CD13, CD29 and CD49e). Our results suggest that preterm, as compared with term, cord blood is richer in mesenchymal progenitors, similar to haematopoietic progenitors.
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              Fibroblast precursors in normal and irradiated mouse hematopoietic organs.

              A. Friedenstein, J Gorskaja, N N Kulagina (1976)
              Using the in vitro colony assay, clonogenic fibroblast precursor cells (CFU-F) were detected in the bone marrow, spleen and thymus from adult mice. The survival curve for CFU-F of mouse bone marrow irradiated in vitro has a D0 of 220 r. Regeneration of bone marrow CFU-F after whole-body irradiation with 150 r is characterized by a marked secondary loss and post-irradiation lag and dip, lasting 6 days, followed by return to normal values by about the 25th day. This pattern of post-radiation recovery of CFU-F is similar to that of the CFU-s. In addition, during the first 6 hours following irradiation the number of CFU-F increased approximately twofold.
              Article 0 comments Cited 292 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Cells
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Cells
                Journal ID (publisher-id): cells
                Title: Cells
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2073-4409
                Publication date (Electronic): 13 August 2019
                Publication date Collection: August 2019
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 8
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun 130041, China
                [2 ]Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
                [3 ]Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun 130033, China
                [4 ]Department of Urology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun 130033, China
                Author notes
                [†]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Article
                Publisher ID: cells-08-00886
                DOI: 10.3390/cells8080886
                PMC ID: 6721852
                PubMed ID: 31412678
                SO-VID: 3161a807-d571-4984-83fb-74b1d8c41818
                Copyright statement: © 2019 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: mesenchymal stem cell,extraction,cell differentiation,biomedical application
                Data availability:
                Keywords: mesenchymal stem cell, extraction, cell differentiation, biomedical application

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