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      Reionization with galaxies and active galactic nuclei

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          Abstract

          In this work we investigate the properties of the sources that reionized the intergalactic medium (IGM) in the high-redshift Universe. Using a semi-analytical model aimed at reproducing galaxies and black holes in the first 1.5 Gyr of the Universe, we revisit the relative role of star formation and black hole accretion in producing ionizing photons that can escape into the IGM. Both star formation and black hole accretion are regulated by supernova feedback, resulting in black hole accretion being stunted in low-mass halos. We explore a wide range of combinations for the escape fraction of ionizing photons (redshift-dependent, constant and scaling positively with stellar mass) from both star formation (\(\langle f_{\rm esc}^{\rm sf} \rangle\)) and AGN (\(f_{\rm esc}^{\rm bh}\)) to find: (i) the ionizing budget is dominated by stellar radiation from low stellar mass (\(M_*<10^9 {\rm M_\odot}\) ) galaxies at \(z>6\) with the AGN contribution (driven by \(M_{bh}>10^6 {\rm M_\odot}\) black holes in \(M_* > 10^9 {\rm M_\odot}\) galaxies) dominating at lower redshifts; (ii) AGN only contribute \(10-25\%\) to the cumulative ionizing emissivity by \(z=4\) for the models that match the observed reionization constraints; (iii) if the stellar mass dependence of \(\langle f_{\rm esc}^{\rm sf} \rangle\) is shallower than \(f_{\rm esc}^{\rm bh}\), at \(z<7\) a transition stellar mass exists above which AGN dominate the escaping ionizing photon production rate; (iv) the transition stellar mass decreases with decreasing redshift. While AGN dominate the escaping emissivity above the knee of the stellar mass function at \(z \sim 6.8\), they take-over at stellar masses that are a tenth of the knee mass by \(z=4\).

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          16 January 2020
          Article
          2001.06021
          318d9972-3e4c-43c0-ae9c-609c108322d4

          http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/

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          Custom metadata
          Submitted to MNRAS; comments welcome
          astro-ph.GA

          Galaxy astrophysics
          Galaxy astrophysics

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