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      Inflammatory response caused by larvae and adults of Gnathostoma (Nematoda: Gnathostomatidae) in vertebrates of Mexico, including humans Translated title: Respuesta inflamatoria ocasionada por larvas y adultos de Gnathostoma (Nematoda: Gnathostomatidae) en vertebrados de México, incluyendo al hombre

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          Abstract

          The aim of this study was to describe and compare the inflammatory reaction caused by Gnathostoma spp., in various tissues of wild vertebrates and humans in Mexico. Parasitized tissues were collected from 10 species of vertebrates from 8 states. Samples were fixed in 10% formalin, pH 7.2 and processed with standard histological techniques. The lesions were classified into 4 categories. The advanced third stage larvae in fish, amphibians, and reptiles were associated with inflammatory reaction categories I and II (no injury, discrete or minimum); birds presented lesions classified in categories II, III, and IV (injuries minimal to discrete, moderate to severe; granulomatous); 1 human sample had lesions classified in categories III and IV (injuries moderate to severe; granulomatous). Adult parasites in mammals generated responses in categories III and IV. Inflammatory reactions observed in the different studied vertebrates suggest a complex host response to the presence of the parasite, causing variable tissue changes. The tissue reactions provide basic knowledge on the general principles of the pathogenesis and pathology of gnathostomiasis.

          Translated abstract

          El objetivo de este estudio fue describir y comparar la reacción inflamatoria que causa Gnathostoma spp., en los tejidos de diversos vertebrados silvestres y el humano en México. Se recolectaron tejidos parasitados de 10 especies de vertebrados, de 8 estados de la República Mexicana. Las muestras se fijaron en formalina al 10%, pH 7.2 y se procesaron con la técnica histológica de rutina. Las lesiones se clasificaron en 4 categorías; las larvas de tercer estadio avanzado en los peces, anfibios y reptiles causaron una reacción inflamatoria de las categorías I y II (sin lesión, o lesión mínima a discreta); en las aves, se registraron las categorías II, III y IV (lesión mínima a discreta, moderada a intensa y granulomatosa) y en el humano, categorías III y IV (lesión moderada a intensa y granulomatosa). Los parásitos adultos en los mamíferos generaron respuestas de las categorías III y IV. Las reacciones inflamatorias que causan a los diferentes vertebrados estudiados sugieren una respuesta compleja debido a la presencia del parásito y a la respuesta de los hospederos, causando alteraciones tisulares muy variables. Las reacciones tisulares proporcionan conocimientos básicos sobre los principios generales de la patogenia y patología de la gnatostomiasis.

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          Gnathostomiasis of the anterior chamber.

          Ocular involvement with Gnathostoma spinigerum occurs years after the initial infection that is acquired by ingestion of poorly cooked, pickled seafood or water contaminated with third stage larvae. Here we report a case of gnathostomiasis of the left eye of a 32-year-old lady hailing from Meghalaya, India. Her vision had deteriorated to hand movement. Slit lamp examination revealed a live, actively motile worm in the anterior chamber, which was extracted by supra temporal limbal incision and visual acuity was restored.
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            Clinical manifestations and immunodiagnosis of gnathostomiasis in Culiacan, Mexico.

            Gnathostomiasis was first described in Mexico in 1970, and endemic areas have been spreading in six states of this country. In Culiacan, Sinaloa, 300 cases of cutaneous larva migrans were recorded between January 1992 and December 1995. In addition, a Gnathostoma larva was surgically removed from the eye of one patient. Cutaneous lesions were observed mainly on the face, neck, arms, and legs. About 70% of the patients showed eosinophilia. A skin biopsy was carried out on 35 patients and the parasite was identified in histopathologic sections of 12 of these patients. In four patients, the larva migrated out spontaneously from the skin. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using a crude somatic extract of adult Gnathostoma doloresi worms showed that 93% of the patients were seropositive, confirming the reliability of clinical diagnosis. A total of 14 advanced third-stage Gnathostoma larvae were found in four species of ichthyophagous birds captured on dams and dikes near the city of Culiacan. Scanning electron micrographs of human and bird larvae showed that they were morphologically indistinguishable from G. spinigerm. We conclude that the life cycle of Gnathostoma has been established in Sinaloa, and has become a serious public health issue for residents.
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              New host records of the nematode Gnathostoma sp. in Mexico.

              Gnathostomiasis is an emerging zoonosis in Mexico. However, for most endemic zones, the source of human infection has not been established. During 2000-2003, we investigated 2168 vertebrates (2047 fish, 31 amphibians, 4 reptiles, 19 birds and 67 mammals) from 39 localities distributed in nine states. We registered 7 vertebrate species as new hosts for Gnathostoma, and 22 new locality records for this nematode.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rmbiodiv
                Revista mexicana de biodiversidad
                Rev. Mex. Biodiv.
                Instituto de Biología (México )
                2007-8706
                2014
                : 85
                : 2
                : 429-435
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidad de Colima México
                [2 ] Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México
                [3 ] Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México
                Article
                S1870-34532014000300008
                10.7550/rmb.35496
                319fe3b5-f260-422b-92d9-11e052c883bc

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Categories
                Biodiversity Conservation

                Animal science & Zoology
                gnathostomiasis,histopathology,zoonoses,gnatostomiasis,histopatología,zoonosis

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