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      Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations in Urban Chinese Cities, 2005–2016: A Systematic Review

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          Abstract

          Background: Particulate matter pollution has become a growing health concern over the past few decades globally. The problem is especially evident in China, where particulate matter levels prior to 2013 are publically unavailable. We conducted a systematic review of scientific literature that reported fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) concentrations in different regions of China from 2005 to 2016. Methods: We searched for English articles in PubMed and Embase and for Chinese articles in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). We evaluated the studies overall and categorized the collected data into six geographical regions and three economic regions. Results: The mean (SD) PM 2.5 concentration, weighted by the number of sampling days, was 60.64 (33.27) μg/m 3 for all geographic regions and 71.99 (30.20) μg/m 3 for all economic regions. A one-way ANOVA shows statistically significant differences in PM 2.5 concentrations between the various geographic regions (F = 14.91, p < 0.0001) and the three economic regions (F = 4.55, p = 0.01). Conclusions: This review identifies quantifiable differences in fine particulate matter concentrations across regions of China. The highest levels of fine particulate matter were found in the northern and northwestern regions and especially Beijing. The high percentage of data points exceeding current federal regulation standards suggests that fine particulate matter pollution remains a huge problem for China. As pre-2013 emissions data remain largely unavailable, we hope that the data aggregated from this systematic review can be incorporated into current and future models for more accurate historical PM 2.5 estimates.

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          Most cited references112

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          A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010

          The Lancet, 380(9859), 2224-2260
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            Health Effects of Fine Particulate Air Pollution: Lines that Connect

            Efforts to understand and mitigate thehealth effects of particulate matter (PM) air pollutionhave a rich and interesting history. This review focuseson six substantial lines of research that have been pursued since 1997 that have helped elucidate our understanding about the effects of PM on human health. There hasbeen substantial progress in the evaluation of PM health effects at different time-scales of exposure and in the exploration of the shape of the concentration-response function. There has also been emerging evidence of PM-related cardiovascular health effects and growing knowledge regarding interconnected general pathophysiological pathways that link PM exposure with cardiopulmonary morbidiity and mortality. Despite important gaps in scientific knowledge and continued reasons for some skepticism, a comprehensive evaluation of the research findings provides persuasive evidence that exposure to fine particulate air pollution has adverse effects on cardiopulmonaryhealth. Although much of this research has been motivated by environmental public health policy, these results have important scientific, medical, and public health implications that are broader than debates over legally mandated air quality standards.
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              Chemical characterization and source apportionment of PM2.5 in Beijing: seasonal perspective

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Int J Environ Res Public Health
                Int J Environ Res Public Health
                ijerph
                International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
                MDPI
                1661-7827
                1660-4601
                14 February 2017
                February 2017
                : 14
                : 2
                : 191
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
                [2 ]Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY 10032, USA
                [3 ]Program in Public Health Studies, Johns Hopkins University Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; xzeng5@ 123456jhu.edu
                [4 ]Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu, China; m15195969591@ 123456163.com
                [5 ]Yangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yangzhou 225000, Jiangsu, China
                [6 ]Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MD 02118, USA; pkinney@ 123456bu.edu
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: zh2263@ 123456cumc.columbia.edu ; Tel.: +1-909-569-8073
                Article
                ijerph-14-00191
                10.3390/ijerph14020191
                5334745
                28216601
                31b789f5-3c30-4cc0-8055-feb246a677b6
                © 2017 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 15 January 2017
                : 08 February 2017
                Categories
                Review

                Public health
                air pollution,particulate matter,pm2.5,china,systematic review,ambient air
                Public health
                air pollution, particulate matter, pm2.5, china, systematic review, ambient air

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