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      Preparation and characterization of pH-sensitive nanoparticles of budesonide for the treatment of ulcerative colitis

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          Abstract

          Objective

          The aim of this study was to develop pH sensitive nanoparticles of budesonide for the treatment of ulcerative colitis.

          Methods

          The NPs system was characterized by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM), particle size, drug loading and encapsulation efficiency. In addition, in vitro drug release prop-erties and pharmacokinetics were also investigated in detail. The optimized formulation was examined for its in-vivo targeting potential using 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in a rat model.

          Results

          Dynamic light-scattering results showed that the particle size of budesonide-Eudragit S100/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles was around 110.5 nm, with a polydispersity index of 0.098. Transmission electron microscopy images showed that BUD-ES100/PLGA NPs were spherical with uniform size and relatively smooth surfaces. In vitro release showed that BUD-ES100/PLGA NPs required minimal release of drugs during its transit in the stomach and the upper small intestine to ensure that a maximum dose reached the colon. After the pharma-codynamic treatment, the myeloperoxidase value of BUD-ES100/PLGA NPs was close to the normal group. The histopathological examination of rectum showed that no sign of damages such as epithelial necrosis and sloughing epithelial cells was detected.

          Conclusion

          Our findings suggested that BUD-ES100/PLGA NPs were a promising alternative to single pH-dependent systems for colitis therapy.

          Most cited references26

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          Ulcerative colitis practice guidelines in adults: American College Of Gastroenterology, Practice Parameters Committee.

          Guidelines for clinical practice are aimed to indicate preferred approaches to medical problems as established by scientifically valid research. Double-blind placebo controlled studies are preferable, but compassionate-use reports and expert review articles are used in a thorough review of the literature conducted through Medline with the National Library of Medicine. When only data that will not withstand objective scrutiny are available, a recommendation is identified as a consensus of experts. Guidelines are applicable to all physicians who address the subject regardless of specialty training or interests and are aimed to indicate the preferable but not necessarily the only acceptable approach to a specific problem. Guidelines are intended to be flexible and must be distinguished from standards of care, which are inflexible and rarely violated. Given the wide range of specifics in any health-care problem, the physician must always choose the course best suited to the individual patient and the variables in existence at the moment of decision. Guidelines are developed under the auspices of the American College of Gastroenterology and its Practice Parameters Committee and approved by the board of trustees. Each has been intensely reviewed and revised by the Committee, other experts in the field, physicians who will use them, and specialists in the science of decision analysis. The recommendations of each guideline are therefore considered valid at the time of composition based on the data available. New developments in medical research and practice pertinent to each guideline will be reviewed at a time established and indicated at publication to assure continued validity. The recommendations made are based on the level of evidence found. Grade A recommendations imply that there is consistent level 1 evidence (randomized controlled trials), grade B indicates that the evidence would be level 2 or 3, which are cohort studies or case-control studies. Grade C recommendations are based on level 4 studies, meaning case series or poor-quality cohort studies, and grade D recommendations are based on level 5 evidence, meaning expert opinion.
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            Hapten-induced model of chronic inflammation and ulceration in the rat colon.

            We have developed a simple and reproducible rat model of chronic colonic inflammation by the intraluminal instillation of a solution containing a "barrier breaker" and a hapten. Administration of the hapten 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (5-30 mg) in 0.25 ml of 50% ethanol as the "barrier breaker" produced dose-dependent colonic ulceration and inflammation. At a dose of 30 mg, trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid/ethanol-induced ulceration and marked thickening of the bowel wall persisted for at least 8 wk. Histologically, the inflammatory response included mucosal and submucosal infiltration by polymorphonuclear leukocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, connective tissue mast cells, and fibroblasts. Granulomas were observed in 57% of the rats killed 3 wk after induction of inflammation. Langhan's-type giant cells were also observed. Segmental ulceration and inflammation were common. The characteristics and relatively long duration of inflammation and ulceration induced in this model afford an opportunity to study the pathophysiology of colonic inflammatory disease in a specifically controlled fashion, and to evaluate new treatments potentially applicable to inflammatory bowel disease in humans.
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              Glucocorticosteroid therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: systematic review and meta-analysis.

              The use of glucocorticosteroids to treat both Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) is widespread, but no systematic review and meta-analysis has examined the issue of efficacy of these agents in its entirety. MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane central register of controlled trials were searched (through December 2010). Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) recruiting adults with active or quiescent CD comparing standard glucocorticosteroids or budesonide with placebo or each other, or comparing standard glucocorticosteroids with placebo in active UC, were eligible. Dichotomous data were extracted to obtain relative risk (RR) of failure to achieve remission in active disease, and RR of relapse of activity in quiescent disease, with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Adverse events data were extracted where reported. The search identified 3,061 citations, and 20 trials were eligible. Only one trial was at low risk of bias. Standard glucocorticosteroids were superior to placebo for UC remission (RR of no remission=0.65; 95% CI 0.45-0.93). Both trials of standard glucocorticosteroids in CD remission reported a statistically significant effect, but because of heterogeneity between studies, the overall effect was not significant (RR=0.46; 95% CI 0.17-1.28). Budesonide was superior to placebo for CD remission (RR=0.73; 95% CI 0.63-0.84), but not in preventing CD relapse (RR=0.93; 95% CI 0.83-1.04). Standard glucocorticosteroids were superior to budesonide for CD remission (RR=0.82; 95% CI 0.68-0.98), but glucocorticosteroid-related adverse events were commoner (RR=1.64; 95% CI 1.34-2.00). Standard glucocorticosteroids are probably effective in inducing remission in UC, and may be of benefit in CD. Budesonide induces remission in active CD, but is less effective than standard glucocorticosteroids, and is of no benefit in preventing CD relapse.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Drug Des Devel Ther
                Drug Des Devel Ther
                Drug Design, Development and Therapy
                Drug Design, Development and Therapy
                Dove Medical Press
                1177-8881
                2018
                22 August 2018
                : 12
                : 2601-2609
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, People’s Republic of China, qianhaixin17@ 123456aliyun.com
                [2 ]Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, People’s Republic of China
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Haixin Qian, Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 899# Pinghai Road, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 512 6522 3637, Email qianhaixin17@ 123456aliyun.com
                Article
                dddt-12-2601
                10.2147/DDDT.S170676
                6110634
                31dd2046-27ef-45e7-ac30-3b95ede66886
                © 2018 Zhou and Qian. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited

                The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.

                History
                Categories
                Original Research

                Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                budesonide,nanoparticles,es100/plga,in vitro release,pharmacodynamic

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