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      Life Cycle and Life History Strategies of Parasitic Crustacea

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          Abstract

          Different parasitic life strategies are described including four new life cycles: complex rebrooding, micro-male, mesoparasite and prey-predator transfer. Four new life cycle behaviours are named: nursery hiding, mid-moult stage, positive precursor (intraspecific antagonism) and negative precursor (ambush strategy). Further strategies discussed are opossum attack, double parasitism (doubling of the normal reproductive set), duplex arrangement (separated male-female pairs), simple rebrooding, and describing how displaced parasites and superinfections may partly elucidate life cycles. Proportional stunting masks life history effects of parasitism; cuckoo copepods are true parasites and not just associates; burrowing barnacles (acrothoracicans) are not parasites. Further findings based on life cycle information: branchiurans and pentastomes are possibly not related; firefly seed shrimp are not parasites; copepod pre-adult life cycle stages are common in the western pacific but rare in Caribbean; harpacticoids on vertebrates are not parasites; cuckoo copepods are true parasites; explained the importance of pennellid intermediate hosts. Crustacean parasite life cycles are largely unknown (1% of species). Most crustacean life cycles represent minor modifications from the ancestral free-living mode. Crustacean parasites have less complex and less modified life cycles than other major parasite groups. This limits their exploitation of, and effectiveness, in parasitism. However, these life cycles will be an advantage in Global Change. Most metazoan parasites will be eliminated while crustaceans (and nematodes) will inherit the new world of parasites.

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          Rebuilding community ecology from functional traits.

          There is considerable debate about whether community ecology will ever produce general principles. We suggest here that this can be achieved but that community ecology has lost its way by focusing on pairwise species interactions independent of the environment. We assert that community ecology should return to an emphasis on four themes that are tied together by a two-step process: how the fundamental niche is governed by functional traits within the context of abiotic environmental gradients; and how the interaction between traits and fundamental niches maps onto the realized niche in the context of a biotic interaction milieu. We suggest this approach can create a more quantitative and predictive science that can more readily address issues of global change.
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            Infectious diseases affect marine fisheries and aquaculture economics.

            Seafood is a growing part of the economy, but its economic value is diminished by marine diseases. Infectious diseases are common in the ocean, and here we tabulate 67 examples that can reduce commercial species' growth and survivorship or decrease seafood quality. These impacts seem most problematic in the stressful and crowded conditions of aquaculture, which increasingly dominates seafood production as wild fishery production plateaus. For instance, marine diseases of farmed oysters, shrimp, abalone, and various fishes, particularly Atlantic salmon, cost billions of dollars each year. In comparison, it is often difficult to accurately estimate disease impacts on wild populations, especially those of pelagic and subtidal species. Farmed species often receive infectious diseases from wild species and can, in turn, export infectious agents to wild species. However, the impact of disease export on wild fisheries is controversial because there are few quantitative data demonstrating that wild species near farms suffer more from infectious diseases than those in other areas. The movement of exotic infectious agents to new areas continues to be the greatest concern.
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              LIFE HISTORIES AND ELASTICITY PATTERNS: PERTURBATION ANALYSIS FOR SPECIES WITH MINIMAL DEMOGRAPHIC DATA

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                +2727+27 18 2992128 , Nico.Smit@nwu.ac.za
                niel.bruce@qm.qld.gov.au
                kerry.malherbe@nwu.ac.za
                ermest.williams1@upr.edu
                lucy.williams1@upr.edu
                Journal
                978-3-030-17385-2
                10.1007/978-3-030-17385-2
                Parasitic Crustacea
                Parasitic Crustacea
                State of Knowledge and Future Trends
                978-3-030-17383-8
                978-3-030-17385-2
                05 July 2019
                2019
                : 3
                : 179-266
                Affiliations
                [3 ]GRID grid.25881.36, ISNI 0000 0000 9769 2525, North-West University, and Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management , ; Potchefstroom, Northwest South Africa
                [4 ]GRID grid.25881.36, ISNI 0000 0000 9769 2525, Biodiversity & Geosciences Program, Queensland Museum, South Brisbane BC, Queensland 4101, Australia, and Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, ; Potchefstroom, South Africa
                [5 ]GRID grid.25881.36, ISNI 0000 0000 9769 2525, Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, , North-West University, ; Potchefstroom, South Africa
                [6 ]GRID grid.25881.36, ISNI 0000 0000 9769 2525, Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, , North-West University, ; Potchefstroom, South Africa
                [7 ]GRID grid.267044.3, ISNI 0000 0004 0398 9176, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, ; Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
                Article
                5
                10.1007/978-3-030-17385-2_5
                7124122
                322b559e-14ff-4641-9f56-744875645b74
                © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

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                © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019

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