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      Evaluación de la capacidad biocontroladora de metabólicos de Trichoderma inhamatum Bol12 QD sobre cepas nativas de Phytophthora infestans in vitro Translated title: Assessment of metabolic capacity of Trichoderma inhamatum Bol12 QD biocontrol on native strains of Phytophthora infestans in vitro

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          Abstract

          Phytophthora infestans es un fitopatógeno causante de la disminución del rendimiento de los cultivos del tomate, para controlar estas pérdidas los agricultores utilizan productos químicos. Esto trae consecuencias al medio ambiente, la salud humana y los organismos benéficos del ecosistema. El objetivo fue obtener e identificar aislados nativos de Trichoderma spp., en suelos sembrados con tomate en Tlayacapan, Morelos (México), con problemas de Alternaria solani y Phytophthora infestans; asimismo, determinar su capacidad antagónica in vitro. Trichoderma se aisló directamente del suelo por el método de dilución en placa con medio de cultivo papa-dextrosa-agar (PDA). Por otro lado se realizaron diluciones en placa del fermento de T. inhamatum Bol12 QD producido en cultivos batch durante 30 días para comparar la efectividad del biocontrolador. Los fermentos filtrados inhibieron el crecimiento cinético micelial del agente causal en laboratorio; con la dilución 1:2 el crecimiento fue de 32,5%, para la dilución 1:4 el crecimiento micelial fue de 69,1% y finalmente para la dilución de 1:8 del fermento biocontrolador el micelio creció hasta un 95,2%. Para demostrar la actividad inhibitoria sobre el patógeno en campo, se produjeron cultivos de 3 L en batch durante 4 meses. La aplicación de tres dosis (puro, dilución 1:2 y dilución 1:4 más un testigo solamente agua) se realizó en un diseño de bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones con el cultivo de tomate, perteneciente a la variedad Santa Cruz Kada Gigante, en las parcelas de la Unidad Académica Campesina-Carmen Pampa. El análisis estadístico por el test de Duncan mostró que el fermento puro redujo la infección de Phytophthora infestans de manera significativa en el tomate. Apareció otro fitopatógeno del tomate, Septoria lycopersici, durante el desarrollo del trabajo de campo. Se evaluó también el efecto de las dosis del fermento a esta enfermedad, y se notó igualmente una reducción significativa con todas las dosis del fermento. Con estos experimentos se demuestra que los fermentos de T. inhamatum Bol12 QD tienen efecto biocontrolador sobre el cultivo de tomate. La capacidad antagónica se evaluó mediante el método del papel celofán y la clase de antagonismo con la técnica de cultivos duales. Los datos se sometieron a un análisis de varianza y pruebas de Tukey. Se obtuvieron 20 aislados de Trichoderma. El rango de porcentajes de inhibición del crecimiento micelial de los fitopatógenos por los aislados varió desde 38.8 a 81.3% en A. solani; y desde 16.3 a 85.5% en P. infestans. Se seleccionaron 10 aislados que inhibieron al menos el 65% del crecimiento, que pertenecen a las especies: T. harzianum (Thz), T. longibrachiatum (Tl) y T. koningii (Tk). Los aislados Tl-17, Tl-19, Tl- 20, Tl-21, Thz-16 y Tk-4, seleccionados contra A. solani, presentan antagonismo clase 1, sobrecreciendo al fitopatógeno y esporulando sobre él. Los aislados THz-17, Thz-18, Tl-17, Tl-18 y Tl-19 seleccionados contra P. infestans, presentan antagonismo clase 2 y Thz19 antagonismo clase 3. Por su acción antagónica in vitro sobre P. infestans y A. solani, puede considerarse a Trichoderma como agente promisorio en el control biológico de las enfermedades que ocasionan estos fitopatógenos.

          Translated abstract

          Plant pathogen Phytophthora infestans is a cause of decreased crop yield of tomato, to control these losses, farmers use chemicals. This has consequences for the environment, human health and beneficial organisms in the ecosystem. The objective was to obtain and identify native isolates of Trichoderma spp. In soil planted with tomato Tlayacapan, Morelos (Mexico), Alternaria solani problems and Phytophthora infestans, also determine their antagonistic capacity in vitro. Trichoderma was isolated directly from soil by dilution in culture medium plate with potato dextrose agar (PDA). On the other side plate dilutions of yeast T. QD Bol12 inhamatum crops produced in batch for 30 days to compare the effectiveness of biocontrol. The filtered yeast inhibited mycelial growth kinetic of the agent in laboratory with the 1:2 dilution growth was 32.5% for the 1:4 dilution mycelial growth was 69.1% and finally to the dilution of 1:8 of the yeast biocontrol mycelium grew to 95.2%. To demonstrate the inhibitory activity on the pathogen in field crops, there were 3 L batch for four months. The application of three doses (undiluted, diluted 1:2 and 1:4 plus a control dilution water only) was performed in a complete block design with four replications randomly with the tomato crop, belonging to the variety Santa Cruz Kada Gigante in the plots of the Academic Rural United Campesina Carmen Pampa. Statistical analysis by Duncan's test showed that the pure leaven reduce infection by Phytophthora infestans significantly in tomato. Appeared another tomato plant pathogen, Septoria lycopersici, in the course of fieldwork. We also evaluated the effect of the dose of yeast to this disease, and also noticed a significant reduction with all doses of yeast. These experiments demonstrated that the seeds of T. QD Bol12 inhamatum have biocontrol effect on the tomato crop. The antagonistic capacity was assessed using the cellophane and the kind of antagonism with the dual culture technique. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and Tukey tests. We obtained 20 isolates of Trichoderma. The range of percentage inhibition of mycelial growth of plant pathogens by isolates ranged from 38.8 to 81.3% in A. solani, and from 16.3 to 85.5% in P. infestans. We selected 10 isolates inhibited at least 65% growth, which belong to the species: T. harzianum (THz), T. longibrachiatum (Tl) and T. koningii (Tk). The isolated Tl-17, TI-19, TI-20, TI-21, THz-16 and Tk-4, selected from A. solani, have antagonistic class 1, overgrowing the plant pathogen and fruiting on it. Isolates-17 THz, THz-18, TI-17, TI-18 and TI-19 selected against P. infestans, present antagonism antagonism Class 2 and Class 3 Thz19. Because of its antagonistic action in vitro on P. infestans and A. solani, can be considered as a promising agent Trichoderma in biological control of diseases brought about by these pathogens.

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          Most cited references12

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          Biocontrol mechanisms of Trichoderma strains.

          The genus Trichoderma comprises a great number of fungal strains that act as biological control agents, the antagonistic properties of which are based on the activation of multiple mechanisms. Trichoderma strains exert biocontrol against fungal phytopathogens either indirectly, by competing for nutrients and space, modifying the environmental conditions, or promoting plant growth and plant defensive mechanisms and antibiosis, or directly, by mechanisms such as mycoparasitism. These indirect and direct mechanisms may act coordinately and their importance in the biocontrol process depends on the Trichoderma strain, the antagonized fungus, the crop plant, and the environmental conditions, including nutrient availability, pH, temperature, and iron concentration. Activation of each mechanism implies the production of specific compounds and metabolites, such as plant growth factors, hydrolytic enzymes, siderophores, antibiotics, and carbon and nitrogen permeases. These metabolites can be either overproduced or combined with appropriate biocontrol strains in order to obtain new formulations for use in more efficient control of plant diseases and postharvest applications.
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            Trichoderma and Gliocladium: Biology, Ecology, and Potential for Biocontrol

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              Fitopatología

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                jsars
                Journal of the Selva Andina Research Society
                J. Selva Andina Res. Soc.
                Órgano oficial de la:; SELVA ANDINA RESEARCH SOCIETY (La Paz, , Bolivia )
                2072-9294
                2011
                : 2
                : 1
                : 26-33
                Affiliations
                [01] Coroico - Nor Yungas La Paz orgnameUniversidad Católica Boliviana San Pablo-UCB orgdiv1Unidad Académica Campesina Carmen Pampa-UAC-CP orgdiv2Ingeniería Agronómica Bolivia raymonver@ 123456hotmail
                [02] orgnameUniversidad Mayor de San Andrés orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Bioquímicas orgdiv2Instituto de Investigaciones Fármaco-Bioquímica
                Article
                S2072-92942011000100004
                322bc090-69eb-421d-83b5-fb29bec80098

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : March 2011
                : November 2010
                : June 2011
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 7, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Bolivia


                Phytophthora infestans,Trichoderma spp,metabolítos secundarios,actividad antagonista,biocontrol,secondary metabolites,antagonist activity,biological control

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