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      Prevalence of chronic renal disease in Spain: Results of the EPIRCE study Translated title: Prevalencia de la insuficiencia renal crónica en España: Resultados del estudio EPIRCE

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          Abstract

          Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an independent cardiovascular risk factor. The knowledge of prevalence in general population may help to early detection of CKD and prevent or delay its progression. Methods: Sociodemographic, baseline characteristics, and CKD prevalence (measured by centralized serum creatinine and MDRD equation) were evaluated in a randomly selected sample of general population aged 20 years or older, collected in all Spanish regions and stratified by habitat, age and sex according to 2001 census (n = 2,746). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate associations with CKD risk factors. Results: Mean age was 49.5 years. The overall prevalence of Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative grades 3-5 CKD was 6.8%, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 5.4 to 8.2 (3.3% for age 40-64 years and 21.4% for age >64 years). The prevalence estimates of CKD stages were: 0.99% for stage 1 (glomerular filtration rate [GFR] >90 ml/min per 1.73 m² with proteinuria); 1.3% for stage 2 (GFR 60-89); 5.4% for stage 3a (GFR 45-59); 1.1% for stage 3b (GFR 30-44); 0.27% for stage 4 (GFR 15-29); and 0.03% for stage 5 (GFR <15). An important prevalence of classical cardiovascular risk factors was observed: dyslipemia (29.3%), obesity (26.1%), hypertension (24.1%), diabetes (9.2%) and current smoking (25.5%). The independent predictor factors for CKD were age, obesity and previously diagnosed hypertension. Conclusions: The prevalence of CKD at any stage in general population from Spain is relatively high, especially in the elderly, and similar to countries of the same geographical area. Independently of age, two modifiable risks factors, hypertension and obesity, are associated with an increased prevalence of CKD.

          Translated abstract

          Introducción: La insuficiencia renal crónica (IRC) constituye un factor de riesgo cardiovascular independiente. El conocimiento de su prevalencia en la población general puede contribuir a la detección precoz de esta enfermedad y de prevenir o retrasar su evolución. Métodos: Se seleccionó una muestra aleatoria de población general española, con edad igual o superior a 20 años, distribuida por todo el territorio nacional y estratificada por hábitat, edad y sexo conforme al censo de 2001 (n = 2.746). Se recopilaron datos sociodemográficos y clínicos, y se evaluó la prevalencia de IRC mediante determinación centralizada de creatinina sérica y aplicación de la ecuación MDRD. Se llevaron a cabo análisis univariantes y multivariantes para evaluar la asociación entre la IRC y diversos factores de riesgo. Resultados: La edad media fue de 49,5 años. La prevalencia global de IRC en estadios 3-5, según la Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative, fue del 6,8%, con un intervalo de confianza del 95% (IC) de 5,4 a 8,2 (3,3% para edades 40-64 años y 21,4% para edades >64 años). Las prevalencias estimadas para cada uno de los estadios de IRC fueron: 0,99% para estadio 1 (tasa de filtrado glomerular [TFG] >90 ml/min por 1,73 m² con proteinuria); 1,3% para estadio 2 (TFG 60-89); 5,4% para estadio 3a (TFG 45-59); 1,1% para estadio 3b (TFG 30-44); 0,27% para estadio 4 (TFG 15-29), y 0,03% para estadio 5 (TFG <15). Se apreció una prevalencia considerable de factores de riesgo cardiovascular clásicos: dislipemia (29,3%), obesidad (26,1%), hipertensión (24,1%), diabetes (9,2%) y tabaquismo activo (25,5%). Los factores predictores independientes de IRC fueron la edad, la obesidad y la hipertensión previamente diagnosticada. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de IRC (en cualquier estadio) en la población general española es relativamente elevada, en especial en los individuos de edad avanzada, y similar a la de otros países del mismo entorno geográfico. Además de la edad, dos factores de riesgo modificables, la hipertensión y la obesidad, se asociaron con una mayor prevalencia de IRC.

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          Most cited references70

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          Prediction of Creatinine Clearance from Serum Creatinine

          A formula has been developed to predict creatinine clearance (C cr ) from serum creatinine (S cr ) in adult males: Ccr = (140 – age) (wt kg)/72 × S cr (mg/100ml) (15% less in females). Derivation included the relationship found between age and 24-hour creatinine excretion/kg in 249 patients aged 18–92. Values for C cr were predicted by this formula and four other methods and the results compared with the means of two 24-hour C cr’s measured in 236 patients. The above formula gave a correlation coefficient between predicted and mean measured Ccr·s of 0.83; on average, the difference between predicted and mean measured values was no greater than that between paired clearances. Factors for age and body weight must be included for reasonable prediction.
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              Using serum creatinine to estimate glomerular filtration rate: accuracy in good health and in chronic kidney disease.

              The National Kidney Foundation has advocated the use of the abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) from serum creatinine measurements in clinical laboratories. However, healthy persons were not included in the development of the MDRD equation. To assess the accuracy of the MDRD equation in patients with chronic kidney disease compared with healthy persons and to develop a new equation that uses both patients with chronic kidney disease and healthy persons. Cross-sectional study. The Mayo Clinic, a tertiary-care medical center. Consecutive patients (n = 320) who had an iothalamate clearance test specifically for chronic kidney disease evaluation and consecutive healthy persons (n = 580) who had an iothalamate clearance test specifically for kidney donor evaluation. Serum creatinine levels, GFR, demographic characteristics, and clinical characteristics were abstracted from the medical record. The MDRD equation underestimated GFR by 6.2% in patients with chronic kidney disease and by 29% in healthy persons. Re-estimated coefficients for serum creatinine and sex were similar to the original MDRD equation in the chronic kidney disease series but not in the healthy series. At the same serum creatinine level, age, and sex, GFR was on average 26% higher in healthy persons than in patients with chronic kidney disease (P < 0.001). A quadratic GFR equation was developed to estimate logarithmic GFR from the following covariates: 1/SCr, 1/SCr2, age, and sex (where SCr = serum creatinine). The new equation was not developed in a general population sample. Elderly and African-American persons were underrepresented. The MDRD equation systematically underestimates GFR in healthy persons. A new equation developed with patients who have chronic kidney disease and healthy persons may be a step toward accurately estimating GFR when the diagnosis of chronic kidney disease is unknown.

                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                nefrologia
                Nefrología (Madrid)
                Nefrología (Madr.)
                Sociedad Española de Nefrología (Cantabria, Santander, Spain )
                0211-6995
                1989-2284
                2010
                : 30
                : 1
                : 78-86
                Affiliations
                [02] Santander orgnameHospital Marqués de Valdecilla orgdiv1Nephrology Department Spain
                [01] Orense orgnameOurense Hospital Complex orgdiv1Nephrology Department and Research Unit Spain
                [03] Majadahonda orgnameUniversity Hospital Puerta de Hierro orgdiv1Clinical Epidemiology Unit Spain
                Article
                S0211-69952010000100010
                32445994-9c85-4374-b2c5-afc35528d3ae

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 43, Pages: 9
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                SciELO Spain


                Factores de riesgo cardiovascular,Insuficiencia renal crónica,Epidemiología,Cardiovascular risk factors,Chronic kidney disease,Epidemiology

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