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      Retinosis pigmentaria en baja visión Translated title: Retinitis pigmentosa in low vision

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          Abstract

          Objetivo: Valorar el comportamiento oftalmológico de la retinosis pigmentaria en la consulta de baja visión del Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología "Ramón Pando Ferrer" en el año 2010. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal de 27 pacientes con retinosis pigmentaria y baja visión. Se analizaron variables como: edad, sexo, examen oftalmológico que incluyó agudeza visual mejor corregida y campo visual. Se clasificaron los pacientes de acuerdo con el estadio clínico, debut de la enfermedad, ayudas ópticas y no ópticas más utilizadas. Los resultados fueron expresados en números de casos y valor porcentual. Se utilizó el estadígrafo x2 para el análisis y se aceptó como error tipo I una P menor o igual a 0,05. Resultados: Se observó que 85 % de los pacientes se encontraban en el intervalo de 15 a 45 años de edad. Predominó el estadio I y el debut precoz. La ayuda óptica más utilizada fue el microscopio, y no ópticas, la iluminación y los filtros. Conclusión: No existió relación en nuestro estudio entre la forma de debut de la enfermedad con el estadio clínico de los pacientes presumiblemente por el diagnóstico precoz de la enfermedad y el tratamiento oportuno. La rehabilitación visual fue aceptada en todos los casos estudiados.

          Translated abstract

          Objective: To evaluate the behavior of Retinitis Pigmentosa in low vision service at “Ramón Pando Ferrer" Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology. Methods: A cross sectional study of 27 patients with retinitis pigmentosa and low vision was undertaken. The analyzed variables included age, sex, eye examination that included best-corrected visual acuity and visual field. Patients were classified according to clinical stage and disease onset and most used optical and non optical devices. The results were expressed in numbers of cases and percentages. The x2 statistic was used for the analysis of results. And Type I error was accepted as p= 0,05. Results: It was observed that 85 % of patients were in the 15 to 45 age group; the stage I and early onset predominated, the most widely used optical devices was the microscope, and the non-optical ones were lighting and filters. Conclusions: There was no relationship in our study between the onset of the disease and the clinical stage of patients, presumably due to early disease diagnosis and timely treatment. Visual rehabilitation was accepted in all studied cases.

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          Subretinal electronic chips allow blind patients to read letters and combine them to words

          A light-sensitive, externally powered microchip was surgically implanted subretinally near the macular region of volunteers blind from hereditary retinal dystrophy. The implant contains an array of 1500 active microphotodiodes (‘chip’), each with its own amplifier and local stimulation electrode. At the implant's tip, another array of 16 wire-connected electrodes allows light-independent direct stimulation and testing of the neuron–electrode interface. Visual scenes are projected naturally through the eye's lens onto the chip under the transparent retina. The chip generates a corresponding pattern of 38 × 40 pixels, each releasing light-intensity-dependent electric stimulation pulses. Subsequently, three previously blind persons could locate bright objects on a dark table, two of whom could discern grating patterns. One of these patients was able to correctly describe and name objects like a fork or knife on a table, geometric patterns, different kinds of fruit and discern shades of grey with only 15 per cent contrast. Without a training period, the regained visual functions enabled him to localize and approach persons in a room freely and to read large letters as complete words after several years of blindness. These results demonstrate for the first time that subretinal micro-electrode arrays with 1500 photodiodes can create detailed meaningful visual perception in previously blind individuals.
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            Global data on visual impairment in the year 2002

            This paper presents estimates of the prevalence of visual impairment and its causes in 2002, based on the best available evidence derived from recent studies. Estimates were determined from data on low vision and blindness as defined in the International statistical classification of diseases, injuries and causes of death, 10th revision. The number of people with visual impairment worldwide in 2002 was in excess of 161 million, of whom about 37 million were blind. The burden of visual impairment is not distributed uniformly throughout the world: the least developed regions carry the largest share. Visual impairment is also unequally distributed across age groups, being largely confined to adults 50 years of age and older. A distribution imbalance is also found with regard to gender throughout the world: females have a significantly higher risk of having visual impairment than males. Notwithstanding the progress in surgical intervention that has been made in many countries over the last few decades, cataract remains the leading cause of visual impairment in all regions of the world, except in the most developed countries. Other major causes of visual impairment are, in order of importance, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy and trachoma.
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              The impact of Vision 2020 on global blindness.

              Recent data suggest that there are 37 million blind people and 124 million with low vision, excluding those with uncorrected refractive errors. The main causes of global blindness are cataract, glaucoma, corneal scarring (from a variety of causes), age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy. It would appear that the global Vision 2020 initiative is having an impact to reduce avoidable blindness particularly from ocular infections, but more needs to be done to address cataract, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                oft
                Revista Cubana de Oftalmología
                Rev Cubana Oftalmol
                Editorial Ciencias Médicas (Ciudad de la Habana )
                1561-3070
                December 2011
                : 24
                : 2
                : 279-286
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología Ramón Pando Ferrer Cuba
                Article
                S0864-21762011000200008
                324bacc5-e91e-4bd8-ac4d-a41beb1a264a

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Cuba

                Self URI (journal page): http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0864-2176&lng=en
                Categories
                OPHTHALMOLOGY

                Ophthalmology & Optometry
                Retinitis,optical and non optical devices,rehabilitation,Retinosis,ayudas ópticas y no ópticas,rehabilitación

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