3
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
0 collections
    0
    shares
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Pesticide Exposure and Thyroid Function in Elementary School Children Living in an Agricultural Area, Brebes District, Indonesia

      research-article

      Read this article at

      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Background:

          Children living in agricultural areas are at risk of exposure to pesticides due to their involvement in agricultural activities. Pesticides are one of the chemicals classified as endocrine disrupting chemicals.

          Objective:

          To examine the association between exposure to organophosphate pesticides and the occurrence of thyroid dysfunction in children.

          Methods:

          This cross-sectional study was conducted on 66 children in two elementary schools located in an agricultural area in Brebes District, Indonesia, in 2015. To determine the pesticide exposure history, we analyzed urine samples and completed a questionnaire. Meanwhile, thyroid function tests were performed.

          Results:

          Organophosphate pesticide metabolites were detected in urine samples of 15 (23%) of 66 children. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels >4.5 μIU/mL were detected in 24 (36%) children. Free thyroxine (FT4) levels of all participants were normal. The mean TSH level in children with positive urinary organophosphate pesticide metabolites (7.74 µIU/mL) was significantly (p=0.005) higher than that in those who were negative (4.34 µIU/mL). The prevalence of hypothyroidism in children with positive urinary organophosphate pesticide metabolites (67%) was significantly higher than that in those who were negative (27%; PR 2.4, 95% CI 1.4 to 4.3).

          Conclusion:

          A history of pesticide exposure could be used as a risk factor for the occurrence of thyroid dysfunction in children living in agricultural areas.

          Related collections

          Most cited references20

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          Biochemistry, cellular and molecular biology, and physiological roles of the iodothyronine selenodeiodinases.

          The goal of this review is to place the exciting advances that have occurred in our understanding of the molecular biology of the types 1, 2, and 3 (D1, D2, and D3, respectively) iodothyronine deiodinases into a biochemical and physiological context. We review new data regarding the mechanism of selenoprotein synthesis, the molecular and cellular biological properties of the individual deiodinases, including gene structure, mRNA and protein characteristics, tissue distribution, subcellular localization and topology, enzymatic properties, structure-activity relationships, and regulation of synthesis, inactivation, and degradation. These provide the background for a discussion of their role in thyroid physiology in humans and other vertebrates, including evidence that D2 plays a significant role in human plasma T(3) production. We discuss the pathological role of D3 overexpression causing "consumptive hypothyroidism" as well as our current understanding of the pathophysiology of iodothyronine deiodination during illness and amiodarone therapy. Finally, we review the new insights from analysis of mice with targeted disruption of the Dio2 gene and overexpression of D2 in the myocardium.
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            Environmental chemicals and thyroid function.

            There is growing evidence that environmental chemicals can disrupt endocrine systems. Most evidence originates from studies on reproductive organs. However, there is also suspicion that thyroid homeostasis may be disrupted. Several groups of chemicals have potential for thyroid disruption. There is substantial evidence that polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins and furans cause hypothyroidism in exposed animals and that environmentally occurring doses affect human thyroid homeostasis. Similarly, flame retardants reduce peripheral thyroid hormone (TH) levels in rodents, but human studies are scarce. Studies also indicate thyroid-disruptive properties of phthalates, but the effect of certain phthalates seems to be stimulative on TH production, contrary to most other groups of chemicals. Thyroid disruption may be caused by a variety of mechanisms, as different chemicals interfere with the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis at different levels. Mechanisms of action may involve the sodium-iodide symporter, thyroid peroxidase enzyme, receptors for THs or TSH, transport proteins or cellular uptake mechanisms. The peripheral metabolism of the THs can be affected through effects on iodothyronine deiodinases or hepatic enzymes. Even small changes in thyroid homeostasis may adversely affect human health, and especially fetal neurological development may be vulnerable. It is therefore urgent to clarify whether the animal data showing effects of chemicals on thyroid function can be extended to humans.
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              Subclinical hypothyroidism in childhood — current knowledge and open issues

              Subclinical hypothyroidism is defined as serum levels of TSH above the upper limit of the reference range, in the presence of normal concentrations of total T4 or free T4. This biochemical profile might be an indication of mild hypothyroidism, with a potential increased risk of metabolic abnormalities and cardiovascular disease recorded among adults. Whether subclinical hypothyroidism results in adverse health outcomes among children is a matter of debate and so management of this condition remains challenging. Mild forms of untreated subclinical hypothyroidism do not seem to be associated with impairments in growth, bone health or neurocognitive outcome. However, ongoing scientific investigations have highlighted the presence of subtle proatherogenic abnormalities among children with modest elevations in their TSH levels. Although current findings are insufficient to recommend levothyroxine treatment for all children with mild asymptomatic forms of subclinical hypothyroidism, they highlight the potential need for assessment of cardiovascular risk among children with this condition. Increased understanding of the early metabolic risk factors associated with subclinical hypothyroidism in childhood will help to improve the management of affected individuals.
                Bookmark

                Author and article information

                Journal
                Int J Occup Environ Med
                Int J Occup Environ Med
                Int J Occup Environ Med
                IJOEM
                The International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
                Shiraz: NIOC Health Organization
                2008-6520
                2008-6814
                July 2018
                01 July 2018
                : 9
                : 3
                : 137-144
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
                [2 ]Department of Public Health Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
                [3 ]Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
                [4 ]Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Diponegoro National Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
                [5 ]Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, Indonesia
                [6 ]Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
                [7 ]School of Postgraduate Studies, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
                Author notes
                Correspondence to Suhartono Suhartono, Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia Tel: +62-811-275-410 E-mail: suhartono_damas@ 123456yahoo.com
                Article
                10.15171/ijoem.2018.1207
                6466981
                29995019
                324f47fe-48db-4ca1-88fb-239051bc9fc2
                Copyright @ 2018

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 18 November 2017
                : 24 April 2018
                Page count
                Tables: 4, References: 31, Pages: 8
                Categories
                Original Article

                pesticides,thyroid function test,child,agriculture,indonesia,organophosphates,hypothyroidism

                Comments

                Comment on this article