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      Drug abuse and serum nutritional biomarkers: a retrospective cohort study Translated title: Abuso de drogas y biomarcadores séricos nutricionales: un estudio retrospectivo de cohorte

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      Revista Española de Nutrición Humana y Dietética
      Academia Española de Nutrición y Dietética
      Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias, Alcoholismo, Abuso de Marihuana, Trastornos Relacionados con Anfetaminas, Trastornos Relacionados con Opioides, Trastornos Relacionados con Cocaína, Transaminasas, Índices de Eritrocitos, Creatinina, Abuso de drogas, Substance-Related Disorders, Alcoholism, Marijuana Abuse, Amphetamine-Related Disorders, Opioid-Related Disorders, Cocaine-Related Disorders, Transaminases, Erythrocyte Indices, Creatinine, Drug abuse

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          Abstract

          Abstract Introduction Drug abuse is a public health problem around the globe. Its implications in human health are harmful, compromising nutritional status. It has been shown that malnutrition is moderately prevalent in drug addicts, and a nutritional prescription is significantly beneficial for these patients. Available literature suggests altered blood serum biochemical data in drug addicts. Our study focused on blood serum nutritional biomarkers in drug addicts who did not have a nutritional assessment or treatment. This study aimed to analyze nutritional blood serum biomarkers in subjects diagnosed with drug addiction from January 2010 to June 2020. Material and Methods The research was a retrospective cohort, analytical, observational, and was based on a convenience sample. Data about blood serum AST, ALT, fasting glucose, urea, creatinine, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and hemoglobin were analyzed from a database of 103 subjects diagnosed with mental and behavioral disorders due to the use of drugs and other psychoactive substances (ICD-10: F10-F19) in the Institute of Neurosciences (INC). Consumed drugs were alcohol, cocaine, amphetamines, MDNA, opioids, marijuana, and psychotropic drugs. Results The medians of hemoglobin, total cholesterol, HDL, and creatinine statistically differed between genders and age groups. There were more cases of low blood hemoglobin and hyperglycemia levels in men, (20.4%, and 8.7%, respectively) than women (4.9%, and 0%, respectively). There were low levels of fasting glucose in 8.8% of our sample. Serum creatinine levels were significantly increased in subjects aged 30 or more. Conclusions In our sample, there were statistically different medians of hemoglobin, total cholesterol, HDL, and creatinine among groups of gender and age in drug addicts. All medians were within the normal range.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Introducción El abuso de drogas es un problema de salud pública en todo el mundo. Sus implicaciones en la salud humana son nocivas y comprometen el estado nutricional. Se ha demostrado que la desnutrición tiene una prevalencia moderada en los drogadictos y una prescripción nutricional es significativamente beneficiosa para estos pacientes. La literatura disponible sugiere datos bioquímicos de suero sanguíneo alterados en adictos a las drogas. Nuestro estudio se centró en los biomarcadores nutricionales del suero sanguíneo en adictos a las drogas que no tenían una evaluación o tratamiento nutricional. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar los biomarcadores nutricionales del suero sanguíneo en sujetos diagnosticados con adicción a las drogas desde enero de 2010 hasta junio de 2020. Material y Métodos La investigación fue de cohorte retrospectiva, analítica, observacional y se basó en una muestra de conveniencia. Los datos sobre AST, ALT, glucosa en ayunas, urea, creatinina, colesterol total, colesterol HDL, colesterol LDL, triglicéridos y hemoglobina en suero sanguíneo se analizaron a partir de una base de datos de 103 sujetos diagnosticados con trastornos mentales y del comportamiento debido al uso de drogas y otras sustancias psicoactivas (CIE-10: F10-F19) en el Instituto de Neurociencias (INC). Las drogas consumidas fueron alcohol, cocaína, anfetaminas, MDNA, opioides, marihuana y drogas psicotrópicas. Resultados Las medianas de hemoglobina, colesterol total, HDL y creatinina difirieron estadísticamente entre sexos y grupos de edad. Hubo más casos de niveles bajos de hemoglobina en sangre e hiperglucemia en hombres (20,4% y 8,7%, respectivamente) que en mujeres (4,9% y 0%, respectivamente). Hubo niveles bajos de glucosa en ayunas en el 8,8% de nuestra muestra. Los niveles de creatinina sérica aumentaron significativamente en sujetos de 30 años o más. Conclusiones En nuestra muestra, hubo medianas estadísticamente diferentes de hemoglobina, colesterol total, HDL y creatinina entre grupos de sexo y edad en drogadictos. Todas las medianas estaban dentro del rango normal.

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          Drug Addiction: Updating Actions to Habits to Compulsions Ten Years On.

          A decade ago, we hypothesized that drug addiction can be viewed as a transition from voluntary, recreational drug use to compulsive drug-seeking habits, neurally underpinned by a transition from prefrontal cortical to striatal control over drug seeking and taking as well as a progression from the ventral to the dorsal striatum. Here, in the light of burgeoning, supportive evidence, we reconsider and elaborate this hypothesis, in particular the refinements in our understanding of ventral and dorsal striatal mechanisms underlying goal-directed and habitual drug seeking, the influence of drug-associated Pavlovian-conditioned stimuli on drug seeking and relapse, and evidence for impairments in top-down prefrontal cortical inhibitory control over this behavior. We further review animal and human studies that have begun to define etiological factors and individual differences in the propensity to become addicted to drugs, leading to the description of addiction endophenotypes, especially for cocaine addiction. We consider the prospect of novel treatments for addiction that promote abstinence from and relapse to drug use.
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            An Increase in the Omega-6/Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio Increases the Risk for Obesity

            In the past three decades, total fat and saturated fat intake as a percentage of total calories has continuously decreased in Western diets, while the intake of omega-6 fatty acid increased and the omega-3 fatty acid decreased, resulting in a large increase in the omega-6/omega-3 ratio from 1:1 during evolution to 20:1 today or even higher. This change in the composition of fatty acids parallels a significant increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity. Experimental studies have suggested that omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids elicit divergent effects on body fat gain through mechanisms of adipogenesis, browning of adipose tissue, lipid homeostasis, brain-gut-adipose tissue axis, and most importantly systemic inflammation. Prospective studies clearly show an increase in the risk of obesity as the level of omega-6 fatty acids and the omega-6/omega-3 ratio increase in red blood cell (RBC) membrane phospholipids, whereas high omega-3 RBC membrane phospholipids decrease the risk of obesity. Recent studies in humans show that in addition to absolute amounts of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acid intake, the omega-6/omega-3 ratio plays an important role in increasing the development of obesity via both AA eicosanoid metabolites and hyperactivity of the cannabinoid system, which can be reversed with increased intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). A balanced omega-6/omega-3 ratio is important for health and in the prevention and management of obesity.
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              The dopamine motive system: implications for drug and food addiction

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                renhyd
                Revista Española de Nutrición Humana y Dietética
                Rev Esp Nutr Hum Diet
                Academia Española de Nutrición y Dietética (Pamplona, Navarra, Spain )
                2173-1292
                2174-5145
                June 2021
                : 25
                : 2
                : 227-236
                Affiliations
                [2] Guayaquil orgnameInstituto de Neurociencias Ecuador
                [3] Holguín orgnameUniversidad de Ciencias Médicas de Camagüey Cuba
                [1] Guayaquil Guayas orgnameEscuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida orgdiv2Laboratorio para Investigaciones Biomédicas Ecuador
                Article
                S2174-51452021000200227 S2174-5145(21)02500200227
                10.14306/renhyd.25.2.1157
                325fb589-7cb3-484a-b934-0a6e1814408e

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 29 September 2020
                : 24 January 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 45, Pages: 10
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                SciELO Spain

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                Investigations

                Erythrocyte Indices,Drug abuse,Creatinine,Transaminases,Cocaine-Related Disorders,Opioid-Related Disorders,Amphetamine-Related Disorders,Marijuana Abuse,Alcoholism,Substance-Related Disorders,Abuso de drogas,Creatinina,Índices de Eritrocitos,Transaminasas,Trastornos Relacionados con Cocaína,Trastornos Relacionados con Opioides,Trastornos Relacionados con Anfetaminas,Abuso de Marihuana,Alcoholismo,Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias

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