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      Physiological correlates of bereavement and the impact of bereavement interventions

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          Abstract

          The death of a loved one is recognized as one of life's greatest stresses, with reports of increased mortality and morbidity for the surviving spouse or parent, especially in the early months of bereavement. The aim of this paper is to review the evidence to date to identify physiological changes in the early bereaved period, and evaluate the impact of bereavement interventions on such physiological responses, where they exist. Research to date suggests that bereavement is associated with neuroendocrine activation (cortisol response), altered sleep (electroencephalography changes), immune imbalance (reduced T-lymphocyte proliferation), inflammatory cell mobilization (neutrophils), and prothrombotic response (platelet activation and increased vWF-ag) as well as hemodynamic changes (heart rate and blood pressure), especially in the early months following loss. Additional evidence suggests that bereavement interventions have the potential to be of value in instances where sleep disturbance becomes a prolonged feature of complicated grief, but have limited efficacy in maintaining immune function in the normal course of bereavement.

          Translated abstract

          La muerte de un ser querido es reconocida como uno de los mayores estresores de la vida, especialmente en los primeros meses del duelo, lo que se basa en reportes del aumento de la morbi-mortalidad de la esposa o del padre sobreviviente. El objetivo de este artículo es revisar la evidencia disponible a la fecha para identificar los cambios fisiológicos en el primer período del duelo y evaluar el impacto de las intervenciones sobre éste en las respuestas fisiológicas cuando ellas se presentan. La investigación actual sugiere que el duelo se asocia especialmente en los primeros meses que siguen a la pérdida con: activación endocrina (respuesta de cortisol), sueño alterado (cambios electroencefalográficos), desbalance inmune ((proliferación reducida de linfocitos T), movilización de células inflamatorias (neutrófilos), respuesta protrombótica (activación plaquetaria y aumento del antígeno de Factor von Willebrand) y también hemodínámícos (frecuencia cardíaca y presión sanguínea). La evidencia adicional sugiere que las intervenciones sobre el duelo son potencialmente valiosas en situaciones donde el trastorno del sueño se constituye en una característica prolongada del duelo complicado, pero tienen una eficacia limitada en el mantenimiento de la función inmune durante el curso normal del duelo.

          Translated abstract

          La perte d'un être aimé est reconnue comme étant l'un des stress les plus importants de la vie, avec une morbidité et une mortalité augmentées chez l'époux ou le parent survivant, surtout dans les mois qui suivent la perte, Le but de cet article est d'analyser les preuves actuelles des modifications physiologiques de la période précoce qui suit cette perte et d'évaluer l'impact des interventions sur ces réponses physiologiques, là où elles existent. Jusqu'à présent, la recherche suggère qu'une perte affective est associée à une activation neuroendocrinienne (réponse cortisolique), un sommeil altéré (modifications électroencéphalographiques), un déséquilibre immunitaire (prolifération diminuée des lymphocytes T), une mobilisation des cellules de l'inflammation (neutrophiles), une réponse pro-thrombotique (activation plaquettaire et augmentation des antigènes du facteur von Willebrand soit vWF-ag) ainsi que des modifications hémodynamiques (fréquence cardiaque et pression artérielle), surtout dans les mois qui suivent la perte. Des preuves supplémentaires suggèrent que les interventions après une perte affective peuvent avoir un effet dans les cas où les perturbations du sommeil prolongent un deuil compliqué mais elles sont peu efficaces sur le maintien de la fonction immunitaire au cours de l'évolution normale du deuil.

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          Most cited references68

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          Cortisol effects on body mass, blood pressure, and cholesterol in the general population.

          The effects of excess cortisol secretion on blood pressure and fat deposition are well documented, but the importance of this glucocorticoid in controlling these processes in normal individuals is less clear. We studied the relationship between cortisol excretion rate (tetrahydrocortisol [THF]+allo-THF+tetrahydrocortisone [THE]) and a range of important cardiovascular risk factors in 439 normal subjects (238 male) sampled from the North of Glasgow (Scotland) population. There were marked gender differences: female subjects were lighter and had lower blood pressures and cortisol levels, whereas HDL cholesterol was higher. The pattern of cortisol metabolism was also different; the index of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity (THF+allo-THF/THE) was lower and that of 5alpha-reductase (allo-THF/THF) was higher. There was a strong correlation of blood pressure (positive), cholesterol (positive), and HDL cholesterol (negative in women, positive in men) with age. Cortisol excretion rate did not correlate with blood pressure but correlated strongly with parameters of body habitus (body mass index and waist and hip measurements [positive]) and HDL cholesterol (negative). With multiple regression analysis, there remained a significant association of cortisol excretion rate with HDL cholesterol in men and women and with body mass index in men. These results suggest that glucocorticoids regulate key components of cardiovascular risk.
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            Prevalence of sleep disturbance and hypnotic medication use in relation to sociodemographic factors in the general Japanese adult population.

            This study was the first nationwide population-based study to estimate the prevalence rates of sleep disturbance and hypnotic medication use in the general Japanese adult population. In 1997, 2,800 Japanese adults aged 20 years and over were randomly selected from the 1995 Census and 1,871 were examined using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. The respective estimated overall prevalences of insomnia (INS), difficulty initiating sleep (DIS), difficulty maintaining sleep (DMS), poor perceived quality of sleep (PQS) and hypnotic medication use (HMU) were 17.3%, 8.6%, 12.9%, 17.8%, and 3.5% in males and 21.5%, 12.6%, 16.2%, 20.2% and 5.4% in females. Among males, DIS (OR = 2.76) and PQS (OR = 2.12) were associated with never having married. DMS was associated with being 60 years and older (OR = 2.68) or divorced/separated (OR = 3.74). Among females, DMS was associated with being widowed (OR = 1.65), unemployed (OR = 1.60), 40 to 59 years old (OR = 0.57) or never having married (OR = 0.39). DIS was associated with being widowed (OR = 1.67) or unemployed (OR = 1.58). HMU was associated with advancing age (OR = 8.26-10.7), being widowed (OR = 2.12) or never having married (OR = 2.84). PQS was associated with advancing age (OR = 0.63-0.50). Our study showed sleep disturbance and hypnotic medication use were prevalent among Japanese adults and some sociodemographic factors contributed to them.
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              Elevated heart rate: a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

              Mounting evidence shows that elevated heart rate is associated with a greater risk of developing hypertension and atherosclerosis and that it is a potent predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. These relationships have been shown not only in general populations but also among hypertensive individuals, with important implications for the treatment of hypertension. In spite of this evidence heart rate has been overlooked as a risk factor, but the fact that in most studies the risk related to fast heart rate remained highly significant after controlling for major risk factors for atherosclerosis suggests that it plays a direct role in the induction of the risk. The clustering of several risk factors for coronary artery disease in subjects with fast heart rate suggests that sympathetic overactivity accounts for the increased cardiovascular morbidity in subjects with tachycardia. In fact, experimental studies have shown that a heightened sympathetic tone can cause obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance which in the long run can promote the development of atherosclerosis. Moreover, experimental studies in the animal suggest that the heamodynamic disturbances related to high heart rate have a direct impact on the arterial wall promoting the development of atherosclerotic plaques. Preliminary results in the experimental animal and pooled data from intervention studies in patients with myocardial infarction or congestive heart failure suggest that drug-induced reduction of heart rate may be beneficial in several clinical conditions.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
                University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
                University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
                University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; University of Western Sydney, NSW, Australia
                University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
                University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
                Journal
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
                Les Laboratoires Servier (France )
                1294-8322
                1958-5969
                June 2012
                June 2012
                : 14
                : 2
                : 129-139
                Affiliations
                University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
                University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
                University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
                University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; University of Western Sydney, NSW, Australia
                University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
                University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
                Author notes
                Article
                10.31887/DCNS.2012.14.2/tbuckley
                3384441
                22754285
                327d9d9a-aff2-41aa-b6aa-f3aea201c4a2
                Copyright: © 2012 LLS

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Categories
                Translational Research

                Neurosciences
                heart rate,blood pressure,cortisol,immune,bereavement,prothrombotic,complicated grief,intervention,sleep,mortality

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