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      Giardia lamblia in children and the child care setting: A review of the literature

      research-article
      1 ,
      Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health
      Blackwell Publishing Ltd

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          Most cited references73

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          The experimental transmission of human intestinal protozoan parasites. II. Giardia lamblia cysts given in capsules.

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            Diarrhea caused by Shigella, rotavirus, and Giardia in day-care centers: prospective study.

            We conducted a 19-month prospective study of children attending 20-day-care centers to determine the occurrence, causes, and transmission of gastroenteritis among children, staff, and family members. Nine centers had 15 outbreaks of diarrhea involving 195 patients. An enteropathogen was identified in all outbreaks. Shigella was detected in five outbreaks, rotavirus in two, giardia in one, and in the remaining seven multiple enteropathogens were identified. Rotavirus and Giardia occurred only in children less than 3 years of age; shigellosis occurred at all ages. In six DCC 68 single cases of diarrhea were not associated with an outbreak; an enteropathogen was identified in only three (4%) persons. Thirty-four family members (11%) developed diarrhea associated with the occurrence of gastroenteritis in children in six DCC evaluated for this problem. Secondary attack rates of diarrhea in families according to organisms identified in the DCC outbreaks were: Shigella 26%, rotavirus 15%, and G. lamblia 17%. DCC may play an important role in the epidemiology and transmission of gastroenteritis in the United States.
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              Sexual transmission of enteric protozoa and helminths in a venereal-disease-clinic population.

              We examined the prevalence of enteric protozoan and helminthic infections and the associations between infection and gender, sexual preference, and sexual practices in 180 consecutive patients at a venereal-disease clinic. Of 163 men, 29 were infected with one or more enteric parasites. None of the 17 women had an enteric infection. The prevalence of infections with Entamoeba histolytica or Giardia lamblia (or both) was 21.5 per cent in homosexual men, 6.2 per cent in bisexual men, and 0 in heterosexual men. There were significant associations between oral-anal sex and infection with E. histolytica (P less than 0.01) or with helminths (P less than 0.05). Homosexuality and oral-anal sex were the most important risk factors in E. histolytica, G. lamblia, and helminthic infections. We conclude the "hyperendemic" enteric protozoan infection rates in homosexual men are related to three factors: the original endemic level in the general population; the prevalence of sexual acts that facilitate transmission; and the frequency of exposure to an infected person.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Paediatr Child Health
                J Paediatr Child Health
                10.1111/(ISSN)1440-1754
                JPC
                Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health
                Blackwell Publishing Ltd (Oxford, UK )
                1034-4810
                1440-1754
                10 March 2008
                June 1994
                : 30
                : 3 ( doiID: 10.1111/jpc.1994.30.issue-3 )
                : 202-209
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ]Epidemiology and International Health Unit, Macfarlane Burnet Centre for Medical Research, Fairfield, Victoria, Australia
                Author notes
                [*] [* ]S. C. Thompson, Epidemiology and International Health Unit, Macfarlane Burnet Centre for Medical Research, PO Box 254, Fairfield, Vic. 3078, Australia.
                Article
                JPC202
                10.1111/j.1440-1754.1994.tb00620.x
                7166591
                8074905
                32adaed0-29f7-4bfc-99e1-3e1134802c65

                This article is being made freely available through PubMed Central as part of the COVID-19 public health emergency response. It can be used for unrestricted research re-use and analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source, for the duration of the public health emergency.

                History
                : 25 October 1993
                Page count
                links-crossref: 2, References: 76, Pages: 8
                Categories
                Review Article
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                June 1994
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:5.8.0 mode:remove_FC converted:15.04.2020

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