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      Linfadenectomía inguinal endoscópica en cáncer de pene: resultados oncológicos, funcionales y morbilidad a largo plazo Translated title: Endoscopic inguinal lymphadenectomy in penile cancer: oncological and functional outcomes and long-term morbidity

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          Abstract

          Resumen Objetivo: Presentar nuestra experiencia usando linfadenectomía inguinal endoscópica (LIE) en el manejo del cáncer de pene con factores de riesgo para metástasis y ganglios inguinales clínicamente negativos (cN0); evaluar los resultados obtenidos a largo plazo y con los descritos en la revisión de la literatura plantear “objetivos ideales” para esta técnica mínimamente invasiva. Metodología: Entre el 2012 y 2016, pacientes con diagnóstico de cáncer de pene que cumplieron los criterios de patología mayor a pT1G2 y ganglios inguinales cN0, fueron sometido a LIE. Registramos datos prequirúrgicos, perioperatorios, anatomo-patológicos y de seguimiento. Analizamos resultados y discutimos la evidencia descrita en la revisión de la literatura. Resultados: En 15 pacientes con una media de 59 años, se realizaron 23 LIE (08 bilaterales y 07 unilaterales). El tiempo operatorio promedio fue 126 minutos; todos los casos con sangrado menor a 50 cc. La media de ganglios disecados por región inguinal fue 10.4; en 3 pacientes se encontró 1 ganglio metastásico. No se presentaron complicaciones Clavien-Dindo III o IV. Durante el periodo de seguimiento promedio de 89 meses (rango 72-120), ningún paciente presentó recurrencia o progresión de enfermedad. Conclusiones: La evaluación a largo plazo en este grupo de pacientes ha mostrado ser una alternativa efectiva, segura y reproducible con resultados óptimos en control oncológico, pronta recuperación funcional y mínimas complicaciones intra y postoperatorias. Las diversas publicaciones coinciden en afirmar que tiene ventajas en comparación a la convencional, cumpliendo estos tres “objetivos ideales” que calificamos como trifecta, similar al concepto usado en otras cirugías uroncológicas.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Objective: To present our experience in Endoscopic Inguinal Lymphadenectomy (IEL) in the management of penile cancer with risk factors for metastasis and clinically negative inguinal nodes (cN0); to evaluate the results obtained in the long term and with those described in the literature review, proposing "ideal objectives" for this minimally invasive technique. Methodology: Between 2012 and 2016, patients diagnosed with penile cancer who met the criteria for pathology greater than pT1G2 and cN0 inguinal nodes underwent IEL. We recorded pre-surgical, perioperative, pathological and follow-up data. We analyze results and discuss the evidence described in the literature review. Results: In 15 patients with a mean age of 59 years, 23 IELs were performed (08 bilateral and 07 unilateral). The average operative time was 126 minutes; all cases with bleeding less than 50cc. The mean number of lymph nodes dissected per inguinal region was 10.4; in 3 patients, 1 metastatic node was found. There were no Clavien-Dindo III or IV complications. During the mean follow-up period of 89 months (range 72-120), no patient had disease recurrence or progression. Conclusions: Long-term evaluation in this group of patients has shown to be an effective, safe and reproducible alternative with optimal results in cancer control, prompt functional recovery and minimum intra and postoperative complications. The various publications coincide in affirming that it has advantages compared to the conventional one, fulfilling these three “ideal objectives” that we qualify as a trifecta, like the concept used in other urooncological surgeries.

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          Most cited references28

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          Classification of surgical complications: a new proposal with evaluation in a cohort of 6336 patients and results of a survey.

          Although quality assessment is gaining increasing attention, there is still no consensus on how to define and grade postoperative complications. This shortcoming hampers comparison of outcome data among different centers and therapies and over time. A classification of complications published by one of the authors in 1992 was critically re-evaluated and modified to increase its accuracy and its acceptability in the surgical community. Modifications mainly focused on the manner of reporting life-threatening and permanently disabling complications. The new grading system still mostly relies on the therapy used to treat the complication. The classification was tested in a cohort of 6336 patients who underwent elective general surgery at our institution. The reproducibility and personal judgment of the classification were evaluated through an international survey with 2 questionnaires sent to 10 surgical centers worldwide. The new ranking system significantly correlated with complexity of surgery (P < 0.0001) as well as with the length of the hospital stay (P < 0.0001). A total of 144 surgeons from 10 different centers around the world and at different levels of training returned the survey. Ninety percent of the case presentations were correctly graded. The classification was considered to be simple (92% of the respondents), reproducible (91%), logical (92%), useful (90%), and comprehensive (89%). The answers of both questionnaires were not dependent on the origin of the reply and the level of training of the surgeons. The new complication classification appears reliable and may represent a compelling tool for quality assessment in surgery in all parts of the world.
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            Epidemiology and natural history of penile cancer.

            An extensive literature search was performed using the key words squamous cell carcinoma of the penis, phimosis, circumcision, chronic balanitis, cigarette smoking, genital warts and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. All selected studies were classified according to the level of evidence (LE). The final grades of recommendation were assigned after discussion by the full panel of the International Consultation on Penile Cancer in November 2008. The factors positively associated with invasive penile cancers include the presence of phimosis (LE 3a), tobacco smoking (LE 3a-4), chewing tobacco (LE 3a), injury to the penis (LE 3a), balanitis (LE 3a), genital warts (LE 3a), and high-risk HPV infection (LE 3a-4). Copyright (c) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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              Prognostic factors for occult inguinal lymph node involvement in penile carcinoma and assessment of the high-risk EAU subgroup: a two-institution analysis of 342 clinically node-negative patients.

              The European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines advise an elective bilateral lymphadenectomy in clinically node-negative (cN0) patients with high-risk penile carcinoma (≥pT2, G3, or lymphovascular invasion [LVI]). Our aim was to assess prognostic factors for occult metastasis and to determine whether current EAU guidelines accurately stratify patients at high risk. Data of 342 cN0 patients with histologically proven invasive penile squamous cell carcinoma who had undergone the current dynamic sentinel node biopsy (DSNB) protocol were analysed. A complete ipsilateral inguinal lymphadenectomy was only done if the sentinel node was tumour positive. The presence of occult metastasis was established by preoperative ultrasound and tumour-positive fine-needle aspiration cytology, tumour-positive sentinel nodes, and groin metastases during follow-up after a negative DSNB procedure. Median follow-up was 31 mo. Sixty-eight of 342 patients (20%) and 87 of 684 groins (13%) had occult nodal involvement including 6 patients (2%) with a groin metastasis after negative DSNB. Corpus spongiosum invasion, corpus cavernosum invasion, histologic grade, and LVI were each significant prognosticators for occult metastasis on univariate analysis. On multivariate analysis, grade (odds ratio [OR]: 3.3 for intermediate and 4.9 for poor, respectively) and LVI (OR: 2.2) remained predictive factors. In total, 245 patients (72%) were classified high risk according to EAU guidelines. Among them, the incidence of occult metastasis was 23% (57 of 245). A potential limitation of this study is the lack of external review. Histologic grade and LVI are independent prognostic factors for occult metastasis in penile carcinoma. Although both predictors are incorporated into the current EAU guidelines, the stratification of patients needing a lymph node dissection is inaccurate. Approximately 77% of high-risk patients (188 of 245) would have had a negative bilateral inguinal lymphadenectomy. For the time being, DSNB is considered a more suitable staging method than EAU risk stratification for an accurate determination of patients who require lymph node dissection. Copyright © 2010 European Association of Urology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rmu
                Revista mexicana de urología
                Rev. mex. urol.
                Sociedad Mexicana de Urología (Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico )
                0185-4542
                2007-4085
                October 2022
                : 82
                : 5
                : e07
                Affiliations
                [2] Lima orgnameHospital Nacional Dos de Mayo Perú
                [1] Trujillo La Libertad orgnameUniversidad Privada Antenor Orrego Peru
                [3] Trujillo orgnameInstituto Regional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas Perú
                Article
                S2007-40852022000500007 S2007-4085(22)08200500007
                10.48193/revistamexicanadeurologa.v82i5.966
                32dceaba-8955-45d2-8851-fc74ed95e7dd

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 08 October 2022
                : 14 November 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 28, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Casos clínicos

                penile cancer,trifecta,endoscopy,inguinal lymphadenectomy,endoscopía,linfadenectomía inguinal,cáncer de pene

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