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      Education and training programmes for infection prevention and control professionals: mapping the current opportunities and local needs in European countries

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          Abstract

          Background

          Studies have repeatedly highlighted the need for homogenisation of training content and opportunities in infection prevention and control (IPC) across European countries.

          Objectives

          To map current training opportunities for IPC professionals, define local needs and highlight differences, across 11 European countries (Cyprus, France, England, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Spain, Switzerland).

          Sources

          From July 2018 to February 2019, IPC experts directly involved in IPC training and education in their countries and/or internationally were invited to complete a prespecified set of questions in order to provide a detailed description of IPC training opportunities and needs in their country.

          Conclusions

          IPC training among nurses and doctors varies greatly across countries, with differences in content and type of training (e.g., standardised curriculum, educational programme, clinical experience) duration, as well as in assessment and recognition/accreditation. The observed heterogeneity in IPC training between European countries can be eliminated through establishment of interdisciplinary region-wide training programmes, with common learning objectives, shared know-how and supported by national and international professional bodies.

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          Most cited references7

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          Current knowledge of COVID-19 and infection prevention and control strategies in healthcare settings: A global analysis

          Objective: In the current absence of a vaccine for COVID-19, public health responses aim to break the chain of infection by focusing on the mode of transmission. We reviewed the current evidence on the transmission dynamics and on pathogenic and clinical features of COVID-19 to critically identify any gaps in the current infection prevention and control (IPC) guidelines. Methods: In this study, we reviewed global COVID-19 IPC guidelines by organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO), the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Guidelines from 2 high-income countries (Australia and United Kingdom) and from 1 middle-income country (China) were also reviewed. We searched publications in English on ‘PubMed’ and Google Scholar. We extracted information related to COVID-19 transmission dynamics, clinical presentations, and exposures that may facilitate transmission. We then compared these findings with the recommended IPC measures. Results: Nosocomial transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in healthcare settings occurs through droplets, aerosols, and the oral–fecal or fecal–droplet route. However, the IPC guidelines fail to cover all transmission modes, and the recommendations also conflict with each other. Most guidelines recommend surgical masks for healthcare providers during routine care and N95 respirators for aerosol-generating procedures. However, recommendations regarding the type of face mask varied, and the CDC recommends cloth masks when surgical masks are unavailable. Conclusion: IPC strategies should consider all the possible routes of transmission and should target all patient care activities involving risk of person-to-person transmission. This review may assist international health agencies in updating their guidelines.
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            The role of the infection control link nurse.

            J Dawson (2003)
            Link nurses act as a link between their own clinical area and the infection control team. Their role is to increase awareness of infection control issues in their ward and motivate staff to improve practice. It is essential that they receive training from the infection control team to ensure their competence. They have been shown to be of value to Trusts by improving clinical ward audit scores, helping infection control nurses implement policies and collecting data on hospital-acquired infections. In some hospitals, however, there are operational difficulties for link nurse schemes including high turnover of staff and insufficient time for training and monitoring their effectiveness.
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              Harmonizing and supporting infection control training in Europe

              Healthcare-associated infection (HCAI), patient safety, and the harmonization of related policies and programmes are the focus of increasing attention and activity in Europe. Infection control training for healthcare workers (HCWs) is a cornerstone of all patient safety and HCAI prevention and control programmes. In 2009 the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) commissioned an assessment of needs for training in infection control in Europe (TRICE), which showed a substantial increase in commitment to HCAI prevention. On the other hand, it also identified obstacles to the harmonization and promotion of training in infection control and hospital hygiene (IC/HH), mostly due to differences between countries in: (i) the required qualifications of HCWs, particularly nurses; (ii) the available resources; and (iii) the sustainability of IC/HH programmes. In 2013, ECDC published core competencies for infection control and hospital hygiene professionals in the European Union and a new project was launched ['Implementation of a training strategy for infection control in the European Union' (TRICE-IS)] that aimed to: define an agreed methodology and standards for the evaluation of IC/HH courses and training programmes; develop a flexible IC/HH taxonomy; and implement an easily accessible web tool in 'Wiki' format for IC/HH professionals. This paper reviews several aspects of the TRICE and the TRICE-IS projects.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                kostsioutis@gmail.com
                g.birgand@imperial.ac.uk
                d.bathoorn@umcg.nl
                deptula.aleksander@gmail.com
                l.ten.horn@umcg.nl
                enrique.castro-sanchez@nhs.net
                oana.sandulescu@umfcd.ro
                Andreas.Widmer@usb.ch
                atsakris@med.uoa.gr
                giulio.pieve@ao-pisa.toscana.it
                evelina.tacconelli@univr.it
                nico.mutters@ukbonn.de
                Journal
                Antimicrob Resist Infect Control
                Antimicrob Resist Infect Control
                Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control
                BioMed Central (London )
                2047-2994
                9 November 2020
                9 November 2020
                2020
                : 9
                : 183
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.440838.3, ISNI 0000 0001 0642 7601, School of Medicine, , European University Cyprus, ; Nicosia, Cyprus
                [2 ]European Committee On Infection Control (EUCIC), Basel, Switzerland
                [3 ]GRID grid.7445.2, ISNI 0000 0001 2113 8111, NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance, , Imperial College London, ; Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, UK
                [4 ]GRID grid.4494.d, ISNI 0000 0000 9558 4598, Department of Medical Microbiology, , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, ; Groningen, The Netherlands
                [5 ]GRID grid.488408.8, ISNI 0000 0004 0622 1760, Department of Propaedeutics of Medicine and Infection Prevention, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Control Unit, , Antoni Jurasz University Hospital No. 1, ; Bydgoszcz, Poland
                [6 ]GRID grid.417895.6, ISNI 0000 0001 0693 2181, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, ; St Mary’s Road, London, UK
                [7 ]GRID grid.8194.4, ISNI 0000 0000 9828 7548, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, ; Bucharest, Romania
                [8 ]GRID grid.8194.4, ISNI 0000 0000 9828 7548, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Prof. Dr. Matei Balș”, ; No. 1 Dr. Calistrat Grozovici Street, 021105 Bucharest, Romania
                [9 ]GRID grid.410567.1, Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, , University Hospital Basel, ; Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
                [10 ]GRID grid.5216.0, ISNI 0000 0001 2155 0800, Department of Microbiology, Medical School, , University of Athens, ; 11527 Athens, Greece
                [11 ]GRID grid.144189.1, ISNI 0000 0004 1756 8209, Clinical management staff, , University Hospital of Pisa, ; Pisa, Italy
                [12 ]GRID grid.411475.2, ISNI 0000 0004 1756 948X, Infectious Diseases, Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, , Verona University Hospital, ; Verona, Italy
                [13 ]GRID grid.15090.3d, ISNI 0000 0000 8786 803X, Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, , University Hospital Bonn, ; Bonn, Germany
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0156-9595
                Article
                835
                10.1186/s13756-020-00835-1
                7652580
                33168085
                32deaab1-bc8c-45b3-8a17-eb2b410f10b3
                © The Author(s) 2020

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                : 16 April 2020
                : 22 October 2020
                Funding
                Funded by: Projekt DEAL
                Categories
                Review
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2020

                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                infection prevention,infection control,training,education,certification,qualifications

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