3
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
0 collections
    0
    shares
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Manganese levels in infant formula and young child nutritional beverages in the United States and France: Comparison to breast milk and regulations

      research-article

      Read this article at

      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Exposure to high levels of manganese (Mn) in children has recently been associated with adverse neurodevelopmental effects. Current infant formula regulations for Mn content were set between 1981 (United States), 2006 (European Union, France), and 2007 (Codex Alimentarius) prior to the publication of much of the growing body of research on the developmental neurotoxicity of Mn. In this study, we sought to measure the concentrations of Mn in some infant formulas and young child nutritional beverages available on the United States (US) and French markets using ion beam analysis by particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE) spectrometry and then compare the analytical results to concentrations reported in the literature for breast milk and applicable infant formula regulations and guidelines. We were particularly interested in measuring Mn concentrations in product types for which there is very little data from previous surveys, especially soy-based, rice-based, goat-milk based, chocolate-flavored, and nutritional beverages for young children that are not regulated as infant or follow-on formulas (e.g. “toddler formulas” and “toddler powders”). We purchased 44 infant formulas and young child nutritional beverage products in the US and France with varying protein sources (cow-milk, goat-milk, soy, rice) labelled for birth to 3 years. We selected these samples using maximum variation sampling to explore market extremes to facilitate comparisons to regulatory limits. Since this sampling method is non-probabilistic, other inferences cannot be made beyond this set of samples to the overall markets. We used ion beam analysis to measure the concentrations of Mn in each product. The range of measured Mn concentrations in the products is 160–2,800 μg/L, substantially higher than the 3–6 μg/L mean Mn concentration reported in human breast milk. All products satisfied national and Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) international standards for minimum Mn content in infant formulas; however, 7/25 of the products purchased in the US exceeded the CAC Guidance Upper Level of 100 μg Mn/kcal for infant formula.

          Related collections

          Most cited references94

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: not found
          • Article: not found

          Mixed Methods Sampling: A Typology With Examples

          C Teddlie, F Yu (2007)
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            Manganese Toxicity Upon Overexposure: a Decade in Review.

            Exposure to manganese (Mn) causes clinical signs and symptoms resembling, but not identical to, Parkinson's disease. Since our last review on this subject in 2004, the past decade has been a thriving period in the history of Mn research. This report provides a comprehensive review on new knowledge gained in the Mn research field. Emerging data suggest that beyond traditionally recognized occupational manganism, Mn exposures and the ensuing toxicities occur in a variety of environmental settings, nutritional sources, contaminated foods, infant formulas, and water, soil, and air with natural or man-made contaminations. Upon fast absorption into the body via oral and inhalation exposures, Mn has a relatively short half-life in blood, yet fairly long half-lives in tissues. Recent data suggest Mn accumulates substantially in bone, with a half-life of about 8-9 years expected in human bones. Mn toxicity has been associated with dopaminergic dysfunction by recent neurochemical analyses and synchrotron X-ray fluorescent imaging studies. Evidence from humans indicates that individual factors such as age, gender, ethnicity, genetics, and pre-existing medical conditions can have profound impacts on Mn toxicities. In addition to body fluid-based biomarkers, new approaches in searching biomarkers of Mn exposure include Mn levels in toenails, non-invasive measurement of Mn in bone, and functional alteration assessments. Comments and recommendations are also provided with regard to the diagnosis of Mn intoxication and clinical intervention. Finally, several hot and promising research areas in the next decade are discussed.
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              The Joint Effect of Prenatal Exposure to Metal Mixtures on Neurodevelopmental Outcomes at 20–40 Months of Age: Evidence from Rural Bangladesh

              Background: Exposure to chemical mixtures is recognized as the real-life scenario in all populations, needing new statistical methods that can assess their complex effects. Objectives: We aimed to assess the joint effect of in utero exposure to arsenic, manganese, and lead on children’s neurodevelopment. Methods: We employed a novel statistical approach, Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR), to study the joint effect of coexposure to arsenic, manganese, and lead on neurodevelopment using an adapted Bayley Scale of Infant and Toddler Development™. Third Edition, in 825 mother–child pairs recruited into a prospective birth cohort from two clinics in the Pabna and Sirajdikhan districts of Bangladesh. Metals were measured in cord blood using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Results: Analyses were stratified by clinic due to differences in exposure profiles. In the Pabna district, which displayed high manganese levels [interquartile range (IQR): 4.8, 18 μ g / dl ], we found a statistically significant negative effect of the mixture of arsenic, lead, and manganese on cognitive score when cord blood metals concentrations were all above the 60th percentile ( As ≥ 0.7 μ g / dl , Mn ≥ 6.6 μ g / dl , Pb ≥ 4.2 μ g / dl ) compared to the median ( As = 0.5 μ g / dl , Mn = 5.8 μ g / dl , Pb = 3.1 μ g / dl ). Evidence of a nonlinear effect of manganese was found. A change in log manganese from the 25th to the 75th percentile when arsenic and manganese were at the median was associated with a decrease in cognitive score of − 0.3 ( − 0.5 , − 0.1 ) standard deviations. Our study suggests that arsenic might be a potentiator of manganese toxicity. Conclusions: Employing a novel statistical method for the study of the health effects of chemical mixtures, we found evidence of neurotoxicity of the mixture, as well as potential synergism between arsenic and manganese. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP614
                Bookmark

                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Investigation
                Role: Investigation
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                5 November 2019
                2019
                : 14
                : 11
                : e0223636
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Norwich University, Northfield, VT, United States of America
                [2 ] Better Life Laboratories, Incorporated, East Calais, VT, United States of America
                [3 ] University of Bordeaux, Centre d’Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan (CENBG), Gradignan, France
                [4 ] Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3), CENBG, Gradignan, France
                Università degli Studi di Milano, ITALY
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: EJM’s affiliation is with Better Life Laboratories, a nonprofit organization that conducts scientific research and provides technical expertise, equipment, and training to help needy people around the world. Better Life Laboratories received no specific funding for this project from any donors. Donors to Better Life Laboratories provided no input in choosing the subject matter of this project, the hypotheses that were tested, the individual samples that were analyzed, the method of analysis, the research findings, or the manner of disseminating the results. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6611-6039
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4539-9380
                Article
                PONE-D-19-09511
                10.1371/journal.pone.0223636
                6830775
                31689314
                32e1078b-0e33-4bed-b4e1-17266c2ff009
                © 2019 Frisbie et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 10 April 2019
                : 20 September 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 3, Pages: 23
                Funding
                Better Life Laboratories is a non-profit organization with United States Internal Revenue Service (IRS) 501(c)(3) tax-exempt status. Better Life Laboratories conducts scientific research to benefit humanity and the environment. It does not offer any goods or services to any individuals or organizations, either for pay or gratis. Better Life Laboratories is funded entirely by donations from individuals for non-specific support of research efforts. These donations are used to help defray the costs of laboratory analyses and publication of research results in peer-reviewed journals. Donors to Better Life Laboratories are not informed about the specific nature of the research projects funded by their donations nor the specific uses of their donations in any project. Better Life Laboratories received no specific funding for this project from any donors. Donors to Better Life Laboratories provided no input in choosing the subject matter of this project, the hypotheses that were tested, the individual samples that were analyzed, the method of analysis, the research findings, or the manner of disseminating the results. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Physical Sciences
                Chemistry
                Chemical Elements
                Manganese
                People and Places
                Population Groupings
                Age Groups
                Children
                Infants
                People and Places
                Population Groupings
                Families
                Children
                Infants
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Nutrition
                Diet
                Beverages
                Milk
                Breast Milk
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Nutrition
                Diet
                Beverages
                Milk
                Breast Milk
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Body Fluids
                Milk
                Breast Milk
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Body Fluids
                Milk
                Breast Milk
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Body Fluids
                Milk
                Breast Milk
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Physiology
                Body Fluids
                Milk
                Breast Milk
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Nutrition
                Diet
                Beverages
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Nutrition
                Diet
                Beverages
                People and Places
                Population Groupings
                Age Groups
                Children
                Toddlers
                People and Places
                Population Groupings
                Families
                Children
                Toddlers
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Nutrition
                Diet
                Food
                Chocolate
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Nutrition
                Diet
                Food
                Chocolate
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Nutrition
                Diet
                Beverages
                Milk
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Nutrition
                Diet
                Beverages
                Milk
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Body Fluids
                Milk
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Body Fluids
                Milk
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Body Fluids
                Milk
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Physiology
                Body Fluids
                Milk
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Plants
                Grasses
                Rice
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Animal Studies
                Experimental Organism Systems
                Plant and Algal Models
                Rice
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

                Uncategorized
                Uncategorized

                Comments

                Comment on this article