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      The History of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology: From Chemical–Physical Applications to Nanomedicine

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          Abstract

          Nanoscience breakthroughs in almost every field of science and nanotechnologies make life easier in this era. Nanoscience and nanotechnology represent an expanding research area, which involves structures, devices, and systems with novel properties and functions due to the arrangement of their atoms on the 1–100 nm scale. The field was subject to a growing public awareness and controversy in the early 2000s, and in turn, the beginnings of commercial applications of nanotechnology. Nanotechnologies contribute to almost every field of science, including physics, materials science, chemistry, biology, computer science, and engineering. Notably, in recent years nanotechnologies have been applied to human health with promising results, especially in the field of cancer treatment. To understand the nature of nanotechnology, it is helpful to review the timeline of discoveries that brought us to the current understanding of this science. This review illustrates the progress and main principles of nanoscience and nanotechnology and represents the pre-modern as well as modern timeline era of discoveries and milestones in these fields.

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          Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films

          We describe monocrystalline graphitic films, which are a few atoms thick but are nonetheless stable under ambient conditions, metallic, and of remarkably high quality. The films are found to be a two-dimensional semimetal with a tiny overlap between valence and conductance bands, and they exhibit a strong ambipolar electric field effect such that electrons and holes in concentrations up to 10 13 per square centimeter and with room-temperature mobilities of ∼10,000 square centimeters per volt-second can be induced by applying gate voltage.
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            Atomic Force Microscope

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              Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Molecules
                Molecules
                molecules
                Molecules
                MDPI
                1420-3049
                27 December 2019
                January 2020
                : 25
                : 1
                : 112
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Jinan University, Tripoli 818, Lebanon
                [2 ]Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; muhammad.adeel@ 123456unive.it
                [3 ]PhD School in Science and Technology of Bio and Nanomaterials, University Ca’ Foscari of Venice, 30170 Venice, Italy
                [4 ]Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; tiziano.tuccinardi@ 123456farm.unipi.it
                [5 ]Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), 28049 Madrid, Spain; marco.cordani@ 123456imdea.org
                [6 ]Department of Molecular science and Nanosystems, University Ca’ Foscari of Venice, 30170 Venice, Italy
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: samer.bayda@ 123456jinan.edu.lb (S.B.); flavio.rizzolio@ 123456unive.it (F.R.); Tel.: +961-06-447 907 (S.B.); +39-0434-659026 (F.R.)
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0101-731X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6205-4069
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9342-4862
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3400-4363
                Article
                molecules-25-00112
                10.3390/molecules25010112
                6982820
                31892180
                32e5dc67-3afe-4813-bfad-8dd592a8d32d
                © 2019 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 07 November 2019
                : 20 December 2019
                Categories
                Review

                nanoscience,nanotechnology,nanomaterials,nanoparticles,nanomedicine

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