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      Early outgrowth pro-angiogenic cell number and function do not correlate with left ventricular structure and function in conventional hemodialysis patients: a cross-sectional study

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          Abstract

          Background

          Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is commonly found in chronic dialysis (CD) recipients, and is associated with impaired microvascular cardiac perfusion and heart failure. In response to LVH and cardiac ischemia, early outgrowth pro-angiogenic cellS(EPCs) mobilize from the bone marrow to facilitate angiogenesis and endothelial repair. In the general population, EPC number and function correlate inversely with cardiovascular risk. In end-stage renal disease (ESRD), EPC number and function are generally reduced.

          Objectives

          To test whether left ventricular abnormalities retain their potent ability to promote EPC reparative responses in the setting of ESRD.

          Design

          Cross-sectional study.

          Setting

          St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

          Patients

          47 prevalent chronic dialysis recipients.

          Measurements

          (1) circulating CD34 + and CD133 + EPC number, (2) cultured EPC migratory ability, in vitro differentiation potential, and apoptosis rate, and (3) cardiac magnetic resonance-measured LV mass, volume and ejection fraction.

          Methods

          Bivariate correlation analysis was performed with Spearman's rho test.

          Results

          Of the 47 patients (mean age: 54 ± 13 years), the mean delivered urea reduction was 74 ± 10 %. Mean LV mass was 123 ± 38 g. Circulating CD34 + and CD133 + EPCs represented 0.14 % (IQR: 0.05 – 0.29 %) and 0.05 % (IQR: 0.01 – 0.10 %) of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. There were no significant correlations between any EPC parameter and measures of LV mass or ejection fraction.

          Limitations

          Lack of a non-ESRD control population, and the inability to measure all parameters of EPC function due to limitations in blood sampling. Our inability to measure cardiac VEGF expression prevented an assessment of changes in cardiac EPC mobilization signals.

          Conclusions

          These data suggest that in ESRD, the reparative EPC response to cardiac hypertrophy may be blunted. Further investigation of the effects of uremia on EPC physiology and its relationship to cardiac injury are required.

          Abrégé

          Contexte

          L’hypertrophie ventriculaire gauche (HVG), qui est associée à la perfusion cardiaque microvasculaire alterée et à l’insuffisance cardiaque, n’est pas rare chez les patients qui reçoivent une dialyse chronique. En réponse à l’HVG et à l’ischémie cardiaque, les cellules proangiogéniques à croissance précoce (CPCP) se mobilisent au sein de la moelle osseuse afin de faciliter l’angiogenèse et la réparation endothéliale. Dans l’ensemble de la population, le nombre et l’activité des CPCP sont inversement proportionnels au risque cardiovasculaire. Dans le cas d’insuffisance rénale chronique terminale (IRT), le nombre et l’activité des CPCP sont généralement réduits.

          Objectifs

          Vérifier si les anomalies du ventricule gauche demeurent aussi efficaces à promouvoir les actions réparatrices des CPCP dans le contexte de l’IRT.

          Contexte

          St. Michael’s Hospital, à Toronto, en Ontario, au Canada

          Participants

          47 cas prévalents de patients qui reçoivent une dialyse chronique

          Mesures

          (1) le nombre de CPCP CD34 + et CD133 + en circulation, (2) l’habileté migratoire des CPCP, le potentiel de différentiation in vitro, le taux d’apoptose, et (3) la mesure de la masse ventriculaire gauche par imagerie cardiaque à résonnance magnétique

          Méthodes

          L’analyse de la corrélation simple a été effectuée au moyen du coefficient de corrélation des rangs de Spearman.

          Résultats

          On a observé une réduction de 74 ± 10 % en moyenne parmi les 47 participants (moyenne d’âge : 54 ± 13 ans). La masse ventriculaire gauche était de 123 ± 38 g en moyenne. Les CPCP CD34 + et CD133 + en circulation représentaient 0,14 % (IQR : 0,05–0,29 %) et 0,05 % (IQR : 0,01–0,10 %) des cellules mononuclées de sang périphérique. On n’a observé aucune corrélation substantielle entre les paramètres relatifs aux CPCP et les mesures de la masse ventriculaire gauche, ou la fraction d’éjection.

          Limites de l’étude

          L’absence d’une population témoin non atteinte d’IRT, de même que l’inhabilité de mesurer tous les paramètres de l’activité des CPCP, en raison des limites de l’échantillon sanguin. Notre incapacité à mesurer l’expression du facteur de croissance endothéliale vasculaire nous a empêchés d’effectuer l’analyse des modifications dans les signaux cardiaques de mobilisation des CPCP.

          Conclusions

          Ces données suggèrent que dans le cas d’une IRT, la réponse réparatrice des CPCP à l’hypertrophie cardiaque peut être atténuée. Des observations plus poussées sur les effets de l’urémie sur la physiologie des CPCP et sur le lien avec les lésions cardiaques seraient nécessaires.

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          Most cited references49

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          Clinical epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in chronic renal disease.

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            Burden of systolic and diastolic ventricular dysfunction in the community: appreciating the scope of the heart failure epidemic.

            Approximately half of patients with overt congestive heart failure (CHF) have diastolic dysfunction without reduced ejection fraction (EF). Yet, the prevalence of diastolic dysfunction and its relation to systolic dysfunction and CHF in the community remain undefined. To determine the prevalence of CHF and preclinical diastolic dysfunction and systolic dysfunction in the community and determine if diastolic dysfunction is predictive of all-cause mortality. Cross-sectional survey of 2042 randomly selected residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, aged 45 years or older from June 1997 through September 2000. Doppler echocardiographic assessment of systolic and diastolic function. Presence of CHF diagnosis by review of medical records with designation as validated CHF if Framingham criteria are satisfied. Subjects without a CHF diagnosis but with diastolic or systolic dysfunction were considered as having either preclinical diastolic or preclinical systolic dysfunction. The prevalence of validated CHF was 2.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6%-2.8%) with 44% having an EF higher than 50%. Overall, 20.8% (95% CI, 19.0%-22.7%) of the population had mild diastolic dysfunction, 6.6% (95% CI, 5.5%-7.8%) had moderate diastolic dysfunction, and 0.7% (95% CI, 0.3%-1.1%) had severe diastolic dysfunction with 5.6% (95% CI, 4.5%-6.7%) of the population having moderate or severe diastolic dysfunction with normal EF. The prevalence of any systolic dysfunction (EF < or =50%) was 6.0% (95% CI, 5.0%-7.1%) with moderate or severe systolic dysfunction (EF < or =40%) being present in 2.0% (95% CI, 1.4%-2.5%). CHF was much more common among those with systolic or diastolic dysfunction than in those with normal ventricular function. However, even among those with moderate or severe diastolic or systolic dysfunction, less than half had recognized CHF. In multivariate analysis, controlling for age, sex, and EF, mild diastolic dysfunction (hazard ratio, 8.31 [95% CI, 3.00-23.1], P<.001) and moderate or severe diastolic dysfunction (hazard ratio, 10.17 [95% CI, 3.28-31.0], P<.001) were predictive of all-cause mortality. In the community, systolic dysfunction is frequently present in individuals without recognized CHF. Furthermore, diastolic dysfunction as rigorously defined by comprehensive Doppler techniques is common, often not accompanied by recognized CHF, and associated with marked increases in all-cause mortality.
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              Number and migratory activity of circulating endothelial progenitor cells inversely correlate with risk factors for coronary artery disease.

              Recent studies provide increasing evidence that postnatal neovascularization involves bone marrow-derived circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). The regulation of EPCs in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) is unclear at present. Therefore, we determined the number and functional activity of EPCs in 45 patients with CAD and 15 healthy volunteers. The numbers of isolated EPCs and circulating CD34/kinase insert domain receptor (KDR)-positive precursor cells were significantly reduced in patients with CAD by approximately 40% and 48%, respectively. To determine the influence of atherosclerotic risk factors, a risk factor score including age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, positive family history of CAD, and LDL cholesterol levels was used. The number of risk factors was significantly correlated with a reduction of EPC levels (R=-0.394, P=0.002) and CD34-/KDR-positive cells (R=-0.537, P<0.001). Analysis of the individual risk factors demonstrated that smokers had significantly reduced levels of EPCs (P<0.001) and CD34-/KDR-positive cells (P=0.003). Moreover, a positive family history of CAD was associated with reduced CD34-/KDR-positive cells (P=0.011). Most importantly, EPCs isolated from patients with CAD also revealed an impaired migratory response, which was inversely correlated with the number of risk factors (R=-0.484, P=0.002). By multivariate analysis, hypertension was identified as a major independent predictor for impaired EPC migration (P=0.043). The present study demonstrates that patients with CAD revealed reduced levels and functional impairment of EPCs, which correlated with risk factors for CAD. Given the important role of EPCs for neovascularization of ischemic tissue, the decrease of EPC numbers and activity may contribute to impaired vascularization in patients with CAD. The full text of this article is available at http://www.circresaha.org.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                james.lineen@uhn.ca
                kuliszewskim@me.com
                dacourisn@smh.ca
                christineliao111@gmail.com
                rudenkod@smh.ca
                devad@smh.ca
                goldsteinma@smh.ca
                leong-poih@smh.ca
                waldr@smh.ca
                yana@smh.ca
                416-864-6060 , darren.yuen@utoronto.ca
                Journal
                Can J Kidney Health Dis
                Can J Kidney Health Dis
                Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease
                BioMed Central (London )
                2054-3581
                30 July 2015
                30 July 2015
                2015
                : 2
                : 25
                Affiliations
                [ ]Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON Canada
                [ ]Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON Canada
                [ ]Division of Nephrology, St. Michael’s Hospital, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Rm 509, 5th Floor, Toronto, ON M5B 2T2 Canada
                Article
                60
                10.1186/s40697-015-0060-y
                4520283
                32ecec24-98af-4788-a87f-8b10c6188ef8
                © Lineen et al. 2015

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 19 February 2015
                : 15 June 2015
                Categories
                Original Research Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2015

                end-stage renal disease,endothelial progenitor cells,early outgrowth pro-angiogenic cells,cardiac magnetic resonance imaging,left ventricular hypertrophy

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