From de novo mutations to personalized therapeutic interventions in autism.

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Abstract

The high heritability, early age at onset, and reproductive disadvantages of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are consistent with an etiology composed of dominant-acting de novo (spontaneous) mutations. Mutation detection by microarray analysis and DNA sequencing has confirmed that de novo copy-number variants or point mutations in protein-coding regions of genes contribute to risk, and some of the underlying causal variants and genes have been identified. As our understanding of autism genes develops, the spectrum of autism is breaking up into quanta of many different genetic disorders. Given the diversity of etiologies and underlying biochemical pathways, personalized therapy for ASDs is logical, and clinical genetic testing is a prerequisite.

Most cited references 49

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De novo gene disruptions in children on the autistic spectrum.

Ivan Iossifov, Michael Ronemus, Dan Levy … (2012)

Exome sequencing of 343 families, each with a single child on the autism spectrum and at least one unaffected sibling, reveal de novo small indels and point substitutions, which come mostly from the paternal line in an age-dependent manner. We do not see significantly greater numbers of de novo missense mutations in affected versus unaffected children, but gene-disrupting mutations (nonsense, splice site, and frame shifts) are twice as frequent, 59 to 28. Based on this differential and the number of recurrent and total targets of gene disruption found in our and similar studies, we estimate between 350 and 400 autism susceptibility genes. Many of the disrupted genes in these studies are associated with the fragile X protein, FMRP, reinforcing links between autism and synaptic plasticity. We find FMRP-associated genes are under greater purifying selection than the remainder of genes and suggest they are especially dosage-sensitive targets of cognitive disorders. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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Association between microdeletion and microduplication at 16p11.2 and autism.

Lauren A Weiss, Yiping Shen, Joshua M. Korn … (2008)

Autism spectrum disorder is a heritable developmental disorder in which chromosomal abnormalities are thought to play a role. As a first component of a genomewide association study of families from the Autism Genetic Resource Exchange (AGRE), we used two novel algorithms to search for recurrent copy-number variations in genotype data from 751 multiplex families with autism. Specific recurrent de novo events were further evaluated in clinical-testing data from Children's Hospital Boston and in a large population study in Iceland. Among the AGRE families, we observed five instances of a de novo deletion of 593 kb on chromosome 16p11.2. Using comparative genomic hybridization, we observed the identical deletion in 5 of 512 children referred to Children's Hospital Boston for developmental delay, mental retardation, or suspected autism spectrum disorder, as well as in 3 of 299 persons with autism in an Icelandic population; the deletion was also carried by 2 of 18,834 unscreened Icelandic control subjects. The reciprocal duplication of this region occurred in 7 affected persons in AGRE families and 4 of the 512 children from Children's Hospital Boston. The duplication also appeared to be a high-penetrance risk factor. We have identified a novel, recurrent microdeletion and a reciprocal microduplication that carry substantial susceptibility to autism and appear to account for approximately 1% of cases. We did not identify other regions with similar aggregations of large de novo mutations. Copyright 2008 Massachusetts Medical Society.

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Large recurrent microdeletions associated with schizophrenia.

Hreinn Stefansson, Dan Rujescu, Sven Cichon … (2008)

Reduced fecundity, associated with severe mental disorders, places negative selection pressure on risk alleles and may explain, in part, why common variants have not been found that confer risk of disorders such as autism, schizophrenia and mental retardation. Thus, rare variants may account for a larger fraction of the overall genetic risk than previously assumed. In contrast to rare single nucleotide mutations, rare copy number variations (CNVs) can be detected using genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism arrays. This has led to the identification of CNVs associated with mental retardation and autism. In a genome-wide search for CNVs associating with schizophrenia, we used a population-based sample to identify de novo CNVs by analysing 9,878 transmissions from parents to offspring. The 66 de novo CNVs identified were tested for association in a sample of 1,433 schizophrenia cases and 33,250 controls. Three deletions at 1q21.1, 15q11.2 and 15q13.3 showing nominal association with schizophrenia in the first sample (phase I) were followed up in a second sample of 3,285 cases and 7,951 controls (phase II). All three deletions significantly associate with schizophrenia and related psychoses in the combined sample. The identification of these rare, recurrent risk variants, having occurred independently in multiple founders and being subject to negative selection, is important in itself. CNV analysis may also point the way to the identification of additional and more prevalent risk variants in genes and pathways involved in schizophrenia.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Annu. Rev. Med.

Title: Annual review of medicine

ISSN (Electronic): 1545-326X

ISSN (Print): 0066-4219

Publication date (Electronic): 2015

Volume: 66

Affiliations

[1 ] Beyster Center for Genomics of Psychiatric Diseases.

Article

DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-091113-024550

PubMed ID: 25587659

SO-VID: 32fef2ed-8794-4c49-a8d9-1b42dd8dc17f

History

Keywords: Rett syndrome,autism spectrum disorder,clinical trials,copy-number variation,fragile X syndrome,genomics,metabolic disorders,mouse models,whole-genome sequencing

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Keywords: Rett syndrome, autism spectrum disorder, clinical trials, copy-number variation, fragile X syndrome, genomics, metabolic disorders, mouse models, whole-genome sequencing

From de novo mutations to personalized therapeutic interventions in autism.

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Abstract

Most cited references 49

De novo gene disruptions in children on the autistic spectrum.

Association between microdeletion and microduplication at 16p11.2 and autism.

Large recurrent microdeletions associated with schizophrenia.

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