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      Is early childhood development impeded by the birth timing of the younger sibling?

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          Abstract

          Background

          This study investigated whether the timing of birth of the younger siblings was associated with the risk of the older siblings’ developmental vulnerability in early childhood.

          Methods

          Linkage of population-level birth registration, hospital, and perinatal datasets to Australian Early Development Census (AEDC) records (2009–2015), enabled follow-up of a cohort of 32,324 Western Australia born singletons. Children with scores <10 th percentile on an individual AEDC domain (Physical Health and Wellbeing; Social Competence; Emotional Maturity; Language and Cognitive Skills (school-based); and Communication Skills and General Knowledge) were classified as developmentally vulnerable. Modified Poisson Regression was used to estimate relative risks (RR) for associations between post-birth interpregnancy intervals (IPIs) and developmental vulnerability.

          Results

          Relative to post-birth IPIs of 18–23 months, post-birth IPIs of <6 and 6–11 months were associated with an increased risk of children being classified as DV1 (aRR 1.21, 95% CI: 1.11–1.31) and DV2 (aRR 1.31, 95% CI: 1.15–1.49); and DV1 (aRR 1.10, 95% CI: 1.03–1.17) and DV2 (aRR 1.21, 95% CI: 1.09–1.34), respectively. Post-birth IPIs of <6 months were associated with an increased risk on four of the five AEDC domains. Post-birth IPIs of 48–60 months were associated with an increased risk of developmental vulnerability; however, the risk was statistically significant for DV1, DV2 and the domains of Emotional Maturity and Language and Cognitive Skills (school-based).

          Conclusions

          Developmental vulnerability was associated with having a closely spaced younger sibling (<12 months post-birth IPIs). Optimising birth spacing should be further investigated as a potential means for improving child development outcomes.

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          Most cited references42

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          A modified poisson regression approach to prospective studies with binary data.

          G Zou (2004)
          Relative risk is usually the parameter of interest in epidemiologic and medical studies. In this paper, the author proposes a modified Poisson regression approach (i.e., Poisson regression with a robust error variance) to estimate this effect measure directly. A simple 2-by-2 table is used to justify the validity of this approach. Results from a limited simulation study indicate that this approach is very reliable even with total sample sizes as small as 100. The method is illustrated with two data sets.
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            Teenage pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes: a large population based retrospective cohort study.

            Whether the association between teenage pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes could be explained by deleterious social environment, inadequate prenatal care, or biological immaturity remains controversial. The objective of this study was to determine whether teenage pregnancy is associated with increased adverse birth outcomes independent of known confounding factors. We carried out a retrospective cohort study of 3,886,364 nulliparous pregnant women <25 years of age with a live singleton birth during 1995 and 2000 in the United States. All teenage groups were associated with increased risks for pre-term delivery, low birth weight and neonatal mortality. Infants born to teenage mothers aged 17 or younger had a higher risk for low Apgar score at 5 min. Further adjustment for weight gain during pregnancy did not change the observed association. Restricting the analysis to white married mothers with age-appropriate education level, adequate prenatal care, without smoking and alcohol use during pregnancy yielded similar results. Teenage pregnancy increases the risk of adverse birth outcomes that is independent of important known confounders. This finding challenges the accepted opinion that adverse birth outcome associated with teenage pregnancy is attributable to low socioeconomic status, inadequate prenatal care and inadequate weight gain during pregnancy.
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              Multiple Imputation by Chained Equations (MICE): Implementation in Stata

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                10 May 2022
                2022
                : 17
                : 5
                : e0268325
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
                [2 ] School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
                [3 ] School of Health and Society, The University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
                [4 ] Australian Centre for Child Protection, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
                [5 ] Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
                [6 ] Centre for Fertility and Health (CeFH), Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
                [7 ] enAble Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
                Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, CHILE
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5191-211X
                Article
                PONE-D-21-38297
                10.1371/journal.pone.0268325
                9089893
                35536788
                33101df8-bb24-482a-801a-2f20bd25aa88
                © 2022 Dhamrait et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 3 December 2021
                : 26 April 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 1, Pages: 15
                Product
                Funding
                Funded by: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course
                Award ID: CE140100027
                Funded by: Australian National Heart Foundation
                Award ID: 102549
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000925, National Health and Medical Research Council;
                Award ID: GNT1099655 and GNT1173991
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Research Council of Norway
                Award ID: 262700
                Award Recipient :
                Funding statement’ should read as the following: ‘This work was supported by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course [grant number CE140100027]. GD was supported by the ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course Scholarship, the ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course Top-Up Scholarship and the Stan and Jean Perron Top-Up Scholarship. HC is supported by an Australian National Heart Foundation Future Leader Fellowship [grant number 102549]. MO is supported by a Western Australian Department of Health Merit Award. GP was supported with funding from the National Health and Medical Research Council Project and Investigator Grants [grant numbers GNT1099655 and GNT1173991] and the Research Council of Norway through its Centres of Excellence funding scheme [grant number 262700]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Epidemiology
                Medical Risk Factors
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Women's Health
                Maternal Health
                Pregnancy
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Women's Health
                Obstetrics and Gynecology
                Pregnancy
                People and Places
                Population Groupings
                Age Groups
                Children
                People and Places
                Population Groupings
                Families
                Children
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Pediatrics
                Child Development
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Emotions
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Emotions
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Research Design
                Survey Research
                Census
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Neuroscience
                Cognitive Science
                Cognitive Psychology
                Language
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Cognitive Psychology
                Language
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Cognitive Psychology
                Language
                Social Sciences
                Sociology
                Education
                Schools
                Custom metadata
                We received data from WA Department of Health through the Data Linkage Branch. The data are not publicly available, and privacy and legal restrictions apply to the provision of the data to third parties. All data relevant to the study are included in the article or uploaded as supplementary information.

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