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      Genes involved in amelogenesis imperfecta. Part II Translated title: Genes involucrados en la amelogénesis imperfecta. Parte II

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is a condition of genetic origin that alters the structure of tooth enamel. AI may exist in isolation or associated with other systemic conditions as part of a syndromic AI. Our goal is to describe in detail the genes involved in syndromic AI, the proteins encoded by these genes, and their functions according to current scientific evidence. An electronic literature search was carried out from the year 2000 to December 2017, pre-selecting 1,573 articles, 40 of which were analyzed and discussed. The results indicate that mutations in 12 genes are responsible for syndromic AI: DLX3, COL17A1, LAMA3, LAMB3, FAM20A, TP63, CNNM4, ROGDI, LTBP3, FAM20C, CLDN16, CLDN19. These genes participate in the coding of proteins involved in phosphorylation, ion exchange, and production and degradation of the constituent elements of the mineral and organic phase of tooth enamel. The scientific evidence confirms that AI can be part of the syndrome and requires special attention from the medical-dental community.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMEN La amelogénesis imperfecta (AI) es una condición de origen genético que altera la estructura del esmalte dental. La AI puede existir de manera aislada o asociada a otras afecciones sistémicas en el contexto de una AI sindrómica. El objetivo es describir de manera detallada los genes involucrados en las AI sindrómicas, las proteínas codificadas por estos genes y sus funciones de acuerdo a la evidencia científica actual. Se realizó una búsqueda electrónica de literatura desde el año 2000 hasta diciembre de 2017, después de lo cual se preseleccionaron 1.573 artículos, de los cuales 40 fueron analizados y discutidos. Los resultados indican que mutaciones en 12 genes son responsables de una AI sindrómica: DLX3, COL17A1, LAMA3, LAMB3, FAM20A, TP63, CNNM4, ROGDI, LTBP3, FAM20C, CLDN16, CLDN19. Estos genes están implicados en la codificación de proteínas que participan en la fosforilación, intercambio de iones, y producción y degradación de los elementos constituyentes de la fase mineral y orgánica del esmalte dental. La evidencia científica confirma que la AI puede ser parte del síndrome y amerita una especial atención de la comunidad médica-odontológica.

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          p63, a p53 homolog at 3q27-29, encodes multiple products with transactivating, death-inducing, and dominant-negative activities.

          We describe the cloning of p63, a gene at chromosome 3q27-29 that bears strong homology to the tumor suppressor p53 and to the related gene, p73. p63 was detected in a variety of human and mouse tissues, including proliferating basal cells of epithelial layers in the epidermis, cervix, urothelium, and prostate. Unlike p53, the p63 gene encodes multiple isotypes with remarkably divergent abilities to transactivate p53 reporter genes and induce apoptosis. Importantly, the predominant p63 isotypes in many epithelial tissues lack an acidic N terminus corresponding to the transactivation domain of p53. We demonstrate that these truncated p63 variants can act as dominant-negative agents toward transactivation by p53 and p63, and we suggest the possibility of physiological interactions among members of the p53 family.
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            Claudin-16 and claudin-19 interaction is required for their assembly into tight junctions and for renal reabsorption of magnesium.

            Claudins are tight junction integral membrane proteins that are key regulators of the paracellular pathway. Defects in claudin-16 (CLDN16) and CLDN19 function result in the inherited human renal disorder familial hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis (FHHNC). Previous studies showed that siRNA knockdown of CLDN16 in mice results in a mouse model for FHHNC. Here, we show that CLDN19-siRNA mice also developed the FHHNC symptoms of chronic renal wasting of magnesium and calcium together with defective renal salt handling. siRNA knockdown of CLDN19 caused a loss of CLDN16 from tight junctions in the thick ascending limb (TAL) without a decrease in CLDN16 expression level, whereas siRNA knockdown of CLDN16 produced a similar effect on CLDN19. In both mouse lines, CLDN10, CLDN18, occludin, and ZO-1, normal constituents of TAL tight junctions, remained correctly localized. CLDN16- and CLDN19-depleted tight junctions had normal barrier function but defective ion selectivity. These data, together with yeast two-hybrid binding studies, indicate that a heteromeric CLDN16 and CLDN19 interaction was required for assembling them into the tight junction structure and generating cation-selective paracellular channels.
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              FAM20: an evolutionarily conserved family of secreted proteins expressed in hematopoietic cells

              Background Hematopoiesis is a complex developmental process controlled by a large number of factors that regulate stem cell renewal, lineage commitment and differentiation. Secreted proteins, including the hematopoietic growth factors, play critical roles in these processes and have important biological and clinical significance. We have employed representational difference analysis to identify genes that are differentially expressed during experimentally induced myeloid differentiation in the murine EML hematopoietic stem cell line. Results One identified clone encoded a previously unidentified protein of 541 amino acids that contains an amino terminal signal sequence but no other characterized domains. This protein is a member of family of related proteins that has been named family with sequence similarity 20 (FAM20) with three members (FAM20A, FAM20B and FAM20C) in mammals. Evolutionary comparisons revealed the existence of a single FAM20 gene in the simple vertebrate Ciona intestinalis and the invertebrate worm Caenorhabditis elegans and two genes in two insect species, Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles gambiae. Six FAM20 family members were identified in the genome of the pufferfish, Fugu rubripes and five members in the zebrafish, Danio rerio. The mouse Fam20a protein was ectopically expressed in a mammalian cell line and found to be a bona fide secreted protein and efficient secretion was dependent on the integrity of the signal sequence. Expression analysis revealed that the Fam20a gene was indeed differentially expressed during hematopoietic differentiation and that the other two family members (Fam20b and Fam20c) were also expressed during hematcpoiesis but that their mRNA levels did not vary significantly. Likewise FAM20A was expressed in more limited set of human tissues than the other two family members. Conclusions The FAM20 family represents a new family of secreted proteins with potential functions in regulating differentiation and function of hematopoietic and other tissues. The Fam20a mRNA was only expressed during early stages of hematopoietic development and may play a role in lineage commitment or proliferation. The expansion in gene number in different species suggests that the family has evolved as a result of several gene duplication events that have occurred in both vertebrates and invertebrates.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rfoua
                Revista Facultad de Odontología Universidad de Antioquia
                Rev Fac Odontol Univ Antioq
                Universidad de Antioquia (Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia )
                0121-246X
                June 2019
                : 30
                : 2
                : 224-235
                Affiliations
                [2] orgnameUniversidad Central de Venezuela Venezuela
                [3] orgnameUniversidad de Carabobo Venezuela
                [1] Bolívar orgnameUniversidad de Cartagena Colombia
                Article
                S0121-246X2019000100224 S0121-246X(19)03000200224
                10.17533/udea.rfo.v30n2a9
                3318f0e7-7fb4-48ff-9d68-c769bddba79e

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 16 January 2018
                : 28 August 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 45, Pages: 12
                Product

                SciELO Colombia

                Categories
                Review article

                genes,amelogénesis imperfecta,tooth enamel,dental aesthetics,syndrome,esmalte dental,estética dental,tooth enamel proteins,proteínas del esmalte dental,amelogenesis imperfecta

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