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      Quantifying Nitrous Oxide Emissions in the U.S. Midwest: A Top‐Down Study Using High Resolution Airborne In‐Situ Observations

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          The ERA5 Global Reanalysis

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            Nitrous oxide emissions from soils: how well do we understand the processes and their controls?

            Although it is well established that soils are the dominating source for atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O), we are still struggling to fully understand the complexity of the underlying microbial production and consumption processes and the links to biotic (e.g. inter- and intraspecies competition, food webs, plant–microbe interaction) and abiotic (e.g. soil climate, physics and chemistry) factors. Recent work shows that a better understanding of the composition and diversity of the microbial community across a variety of soils in different climates and under different land use, as well as plant–microbe interactions in the rhizosphere, may provide a key to better understand the variability of N2O fluxes at the soil–atmosphere interface. Moreover, recent insights into the regulation of the reduction of N2O to dinitrogen (N2) have increased our understanding of N2O exchange. This improved process understanding, building on the increased use of isotope tracing techniques and metagenomics, needs to go along with improvements in measurement techniques for N2O (and N2) emission in order to obtain robust field and laboratory datasets for different ecosystem types. Advances in both fields are currently used to improve process descriptions in biogeochemical models, which may eventually be used not only to test our current process understanding from the microsite to the field level, but also used as tools for up-scaling emissions to landscapes and regions and to explore feedbacks of soil N2O emissions to changes in environmental conditions, land management and land use.
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              Climate-smart soils.

              Soils are integral to the function of all terrestrial ecosystems and to food and fibre production. An overlooked aspect of soils is their potential to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Although proven practices exist, the implementation of soil-based greenhouse gas mitigation activities are at an early stage and accurately quantifying emissions and reductions remains a substantial challenge. Emerging research and information technology developments provide the potential for a broader inclusion of soils in greenhouse gas policies. Here we highlight 'state of the art' soil greenhouse gas research, summarize mitigation practices and potentials, identify gaps in data and understanding and suggest ways to close such gaps through new research, technology and collaboration.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
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                Journal
                Geophysical Research Letters
                Geophys Res Lett
                American Geophysical Union (AGU)
                0094-8276
                1944-8007
                March 16 2021
                March 06 2021
                March 16 2021
                : 48
                : 5
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Deutsches Zentrum für Luft‐ und Raumfahrt (DLR) Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre Oberpfaffenhofen Germany
                [2 ]Meteorological Institute Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University (LMU) Munich Germany
                [3 ]Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA
                [4 ]Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
                [5 ]Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences University of Colorado‐Boulder Boulder CO USA
                [6 ]NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory Boulder CO USA
                [7 ]Earth and Environmental Systems Institute Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA
                Article
                10.1029/2020GL091266
                331e1594-cfd2-40cb-bd6b-464934433ae5
                © 2021

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1

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