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      Histone H3 phosphorylation – A versatile chromatin modification for different occasions

      review-article
      ,
      Biochimie
      Editions Scientifiques Elsevier
      Histone phosphorylation, Signaling, Epigenetics

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          Abstract

          Post-translation modifications of histones modulate the accessibility and transcriptional competence of specific chromatin regions within the eukaryotic genome. Phosphorylation of histone H3 is unique in the sense that it associates on one hand with open chromatin during gene activation and marks on the other hand highly condensed chromatin during mitosis. Phosphorylation of serine residues at histone H3 is a highly dynamic process that creates together with acetylation and methylation marks at neighboring lysine residues specific combinatorial patterns that are read by specific detector proteins. In this review we describe the importance of different histone H3 phosphorylation marks for chromatin condensation during mitosis. In addition, we review the signals that trigger histone H3 phosphorylation and the factors that control this reversible modification during interphase and mediate the biological readout of the signal. Finally, we discuss different models describing the role of histone H3 phosphorylation in the activation of transcription of poised genes or by transient derepression of epigenetically silenced genes. We propose that histone H3 phosphorylation in the context with lysine methylation might temporarily relieve the silencing of specific genes without affecting the epigenetic memory.

          Highlights

          ► Histone H3 phosphorylation is linked to transcriptional activation and repression. ► Mitotic H3 phosphorylation can contribute to chromatin condensation. ► In Drosophila phosphorylation of H3 counteracts heterochromatin spreading. ► Interphase H3 phosphorylation is established in response to extracellular signaling. ► H3 phosphorylation during interphase can transiently override repressive marks.

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          Most cited references55

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          Charting histone modifications and the functional organization of mammalian genomes.

          A succession of technological advances over the past decade have enabled researchers to chart maps of histone modifications and related chromatin structures with increasing accuracy, comprehensiveness and throughput. The resulting data sets highlight the interplay between chromatin and genome function, dynamic variations in chromatin structure across cellular conditions, and emerging roles for large-scale domains and higher-ordered chromatin organization. Here we review a selection of recent studies that have probed histone modifications and successive layers of chromatin structure in mammalian genomes, the patterns that have been identified and future directions for research.
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            Genome regulation by polycomb and trithorax proteins.

            Polycomb group (PcG) and trithorax group (trxG) proteins are critical regulators of numerous developmental genes. To silence or activate gene expression, respectively, PcG and trxG proteins bind to specific regions of DNA and direct the posttranslational modification of histones. Recent work suggests that PcG proteins regulate the nuclear organization of their target genes and that PcG-mediated gene silencing involves noncoding RNAs and the RNAi machinery.
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              Comprehensive analysis of the chromatin landscape in Drosophila

              Summary Chromatin is composed of DNA and a variety of modified histones and non-histone proteins, which impact cell differentiation, gene regulation and other key cellular processes. We present a genome-wide chromatin landscape for Drosophila melanogaster based on 18 histone modifications, summarized by 9 prevalent combinatorial patterns. Integrative analysis with other data (non-histone chromatin proteins, DNaseI hypersensitivity, GRO-seq reads produced by engaged polymerase, short/long RNA products) reveals discrete characteristics of chromosomes, genes, regulatory elements, and other functional domains. We find that active genes display distinct chromatin signatures that are correlated with disparate gene lengths, exon patterns, regulatory functions, and genomic contexts. We also demonstrate a diversity of signatures among Polycomb targets that include a subset with paused polymerase. This systematic profiling and integrative analysis of chromatin signatures provides insights into how genomic elements are regulated, and will serve as a resource for future experimental investigations of genome structure and function.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Biochimie
                Biochimie
                Biochimie
                Editions Scientifiques Elsevier
                0300-9084
                1638-6183
                November 2012
                November 2012
                : 94
                : 11
                : 2193-2201
                Affiliations
                Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna Biocenter, Medical University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/2, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
                Author notes
                []Corresponding author. Tel.: +43 1 4277 61770; fax: +43 1 4277 9617. christian.seiser@ 123456univie.ac.at
                Article
                BIOCHI3884
                10.1016/j.biochi.2012.04.018
                3480636
                22564826
                331e994a-589c-44e6-945d-f58834466484
                © 2012 Elsevier Masson SAS.

                This document may be redistributed and reused, subject to certain conditions.

                History
                : 1 March 2012
                : 16 April 2012
                Categories
                Review

                Biochemistry
                signaling,epigenetics,histone phosphorylation
                Biochemistry
                signaling, epigenetics, histone phosphorylation

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