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      Renal Pathologic Findings in TAFRO Syndrome: Is There a Continuum Between Thrombotic Microangiopathy and Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis? A Case Report and Literature Review

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          Abstract

          Background: TAFRO syndrome is a clinical subtype of idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease (iMCD) that is characterized by thrombocytopenia, anasarca, fever and/or elevated serum C-reactive protein, renal dysfunction, and organomegaly.

          Case Presentation: A 28-year-old woman with fever, weight gain of 13 kgs, lower extremity edema, hepatosplenomegaly, and multicentric peripheral lymphadenopathy was referred to our center. Laboratory investigations revealed anemia, thrombocytopenia, creatinine at 1.19 mg/dL and hypoalbuminemia at 33 g/L. Proteinuria was measured at 2 g/day including albuminuria at 1.5 g/day. Urinary sediment examination found leukocyturia at 44,000/mL and hematuria at 645,000/mL. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) level was elevated. A cervical lymph node biopsy found features consistent with the mixed histopathological subtype of iMCD. A renal biopsy revealed a membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) pattern. We initiated 3 days of methylprednisolone pulse-therapy at 1,000 mg per day, followed by prednisone 1 mg/kg/day and evolution was favorable.

          Review of Literature: 19 iMCD patients with TAFRO syndrome had undergone a renal biopsy: 8 cases with author's diagnosis consistent with MPGN-like and 11 cases of thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA)-like glomerulopathy without fibrin thrombi in glomerular capillaries or arterioles and without typical biological signs. Clinical, biological, and outcome characteristics were similar between the cases described as having MPGN and TMA-like presentation. After a thorough review of histopathological descriptions for each case, MPGN lesions seems to be the consequences of chronic glomerular endothelial injury in persistent TMA. We suspect that VEGF and IL-6 play a key role in the physiopathology of the spectrum of renal involvement from TMA-like to MPGN observed in TAFRO syndrome.

          Conclusion: We present a Caucasian iMCD patient with TAFRO syndrome with renal insufficiency secondary to MPGN, which might be secondary to a chronic TMA-like disease. We suspect that there is a continuum between TMA and MPGN lesions in TAFRO syndrome favored by VEGF and IL-6.

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          Most cited references41

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          Glomerular-specific alterations of VEGF-A expression lead to distinct congenital and acquired renal diseases.

          Kidney disease affects over 20 million people in the United States alone. Although the causes of renal failure are diverse, the glomerular filtration barrier is often the target of injury. Dysregulation of VEGF expression within the glomerulus has been demonstrated in a wide range of primary and acquired renal diseases, although the significance of these changes is unknown. In the glomerulus, VEGF-A is highly expressed in podocytes that make up a major portion of the barrier between the blood and urinary spaces. In this paper, we show that glomerular-selective deletion or overexpression of VEGF-A leads to glomerular disease in mice. Podocyte-specific heterozygosity for VEGF-A resulted in renal disease by 2.5 weeks of age, characterized by proteinuria and endotheliosis, the renal lesion seen in preeclampsia. Homozygous deletion of VEGF-A in glomeruli resulted in perinatal lethality. Mutant kidneys failed to develop a filtration barrier due to defects in endothelial cell migration, differentiation, and survival. In contrast, podocyte-specific overexpression of the VEGF-164 isoform led to a striking collapsing glomerulopathy, the lesion seen in HIV-associated nephropathy. Our data demonstrate that tight regulation of VEGF-A signaling is critical for establishment and maintenance of the glomerular filtration barrier and strongly supports a pivotal role for VEGF-A in renal disease.
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            International, evidence-based consensus diagnostic criteria for HHV-8-negative/idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease.

            Human Herpesvirus-8(HHV-8)-negative, idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease (iMCD) is a rare and life-threatening disorder involving systemic inflammatory symptoms, polyclonal lymphoproliferation, cytopenias, and multiple organ system dysfunction due to a cytokine storm often including interleukin-6. iMCD accounts for one-third to one-half of all cases of MCD and can occur in individuals of any age. Accurate diagnosis is challenging, as no standard diagnostic criteria or diagnostic biomarkers currently exist, and there is significant overlap with malignant, autoimmune, and infectious disorders. An international working group comprising 34 pediatric and adult pathology and clinical experts in iMCD and related disorders from eight countries, including two physicians that are also iMCD patients, was convened to establish iMCD diagnostic criteria. The working group reviewed data from 244 cases, met twice, and refined criteria over 15 months (June 2015 - September 2016). The proposed consensus criteria require both Major Criteria (characteristic lymph node histopathology and multicentric lymphadenopathy), at least 2 of 11 Minor Criteria with at least 1 laboratory abnormality, and exclusion of infectious, malignant, and autoimmune disorders that can mimic iMCD. Characteristic histopathologic features may include a constellation of regressed or hyperplastic germinal centers, follicular dendritic cell prominence, hypervascularization, and polytypic plasmacytosis. Laboratory and clinical Minor Criteria include elevated C-reactive protein or erythrocyte sedimentation rate; anemia; thrombocytopenia or thrombocytosis; hypoalbuminemia; renal dysfunction or proteinuria; polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia; constitutional symptoms; hepatosplenomegaly; effusions or edema; eruptive cherry hemangiomatosis or violaceous papules; and lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis. iMCD consensus diagnostic criteria will facilitate consistent diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and collaborative research.
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              Proposed diagnostic criteria, disease severity classification and treatment strategy for TAFRO syndrome, 2015 version.

              TAFRO syndrome is a systemic inflammatory disorder characterized by thrombocytopenia, anasarca including pleural effusion and ascites, fever, renal insufficiency, and organomegaly including hepatosplenomegaly and lymphadenopathy. Its onset may be acute or sub-acute, but its etiology is undetermined. Although several clinical and pathological characteristics of TAFRO syndrome resemble those of multicentric Castleman disease (MCD), other specific features can differentiate between them. Some TAFRO syndrome patients have been successfully treated with glucocorticoids and/or immunosuppressants, including cyclosporin A, tocilizumab and rituximab, whereas others are refractory to treatment, and eventually succumb to the disease. Early and reliable diagnoses and early treatments with appropriate agents are essential to enhancing patient survival. The present article reports the 2015 updated diagnostic criteria, disease severity classification and treatment strategy for TAFRO syndrome, as formulated by Japanese research teams. These criteria and classification have been applied and retrospectively validated on clinicopathologic data of 28 patients with this and similar conditions (e.g. MCD with serositis and thrombocytopenia).
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Immunol
                Front Immunol
                Front. Immunol.
                Frontiers in Immunology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-3224
                28 June 2019
                2019
                : 10
                : 1489
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Département de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, CHU Lille, Centre de Référence des Maladies Auto-Immunes Systémiques Rares du Nord et Nord-Ouest de France (CeRAINO), LIRIC INSERM U995, Université de Lille , Lille, France
                [2] 2CHU Lille, Institut d'Immunologie, Université de Lille , Lille, France
                [3] 3Département d'Anatomo-Cyto-Pathologie, CHU Lille, Centre de Biologie Pathologie, Université de Lille , Lille, France
                [4] 4Département de Néphrologie, CHU Lille, Université de Lille , Lille, France
                [5] 5Département des Maladies du Sang, CHU Lille, Université de Lille , Lille, France
                [6] 6Department of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA, United States
                Author notes

                Edited by: Pier Luigi Meroni, Italian Auxological Institute (IRCCS), Italy

                Reviewed by: Renato Alberto Sinico, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy; Yasufumi Masaki, Kanazawa Medical University, Japan

                *Correspondence: Louis Terriou louis.terriou@ 123456chru-lille.fr

                This article was submitted to Autoimmune and Autoinflammatory Disorders, a section of the journal Frontiers in Immunology

                Article
                10.3389/fimmu.2019.01489
                6609882
                31316523
                33291367-716d-446c-9492-bb33a3713ea4
                Copyright © 2019 Leurs, Gnemmi, Lionet, Renaud, Gibier, Copin, Hachulla, Hatron, Launay, Fajgenbaum and Terriou.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 15 March 2019
                : 14 June 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 1, Equations: 0, References: 43, Pages: 8, Words: 5579
                Categories
                Immunology
                Case Report

                Immunology
                tafro syndrome,idiopathic multicentric castleman disease,membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis,thrombotic microangiopathy glomerulopathy,vegf,interleukin-6

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