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      Interfacial Ammonia Selectivity, Atmospheric Passivation, and Molecular Identification in Graphene-Nanopored Activated Carbon Molecular-Sieve Gas Sensors

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          Detection of individual gas molecules adsorbed on graphene

          The ultimate aim of any detection method is to achieve such a level of sensitivity that individual quanta of a measured entity can be resolved. In the case of chemical sensors, the quantum is one atom or molecule. Such resolution has so far been beyond the reach of any detection technique, including solid-state gas sensors hailed for their exceptional sensitivity. The fundamental reason limiting the resolution of such sensors is fluctuations due to thermal motion of charges and defects, which lead to intrinsic noise exceeding the sought-after signal from individual molecules, usually by many orders of magnitude. Here, we show that micrometre-size sensors made from graphene are capable of detecting individual events when a gas molecule attaches to or detaches from graphene's surface. The adsorbed molecules change the local carrier concentration in graphene one by one electron, which leads to step-like changes in resistance. The achieved sensitivity is due to the fact that graphene is an exceptionally low-noise material electronically, which makes it a promising candidate not only for chemical detectors but also for other applications where local probes sensitive to external charge, magnetic field or mechanical strain are required.
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            Functionalization of graphene: covalent and non-covalent approaches, derivatives and applications.

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              Grains and grain boundaries in single-layer graphene atomic patchwork quilts.

              The properties of polycrystalline materials are often dominated by the size of their grains and by the atomic structure of their grain boundaries. These effects should be especially pronounced in two-dimensional materials, where even a line defect can divide and disrupt a crystal. These issues take on practical significance in graphene, which is a hexagonal, two-dimensional crystal of carbon atoms. Single-atom-thick graphene sheets can now be produced by chemical vapour deposition on scales of up to metres, making their polycrystallinity almost unavoidable. Theoretically, graphene grain boundaries are predicted to have distinct electronic, magnetic, chemical and mechanical properties that strongly depend on their atomic arrangement. Yet because of the five-order-of-magnitude size difference between grains and the atoms at grain boundaries, few experiments have fully explored the graphene grain structure. Here we use a combination of old and new transmission electron microscopy techniques to bridge these length scales. Using atomic-resolution imaging, we determine the location and identity of every atom at a grain boundary and find that different grains stitch together predominantly through pentagon-heptagon pairs. Rather than individually imaging the several billion atoms in each grain, we use diffraction-filtered imaging to rapidly map the location, orientation and shape of several hundred grains and boundaries, where only a handful have been previously reported. The resulting images reveal an unexpectedly small and intricate patchwork of grains connected by tilt boundaries. By correlating grain imaging with scanning probe and transport measurements, we show that these grain boundaries severely weaken the mechanical strength of graphene membranes but do not as drastically alter their electrical properties. These techniques open a new window for studies on the structure, properties and control of grains and grain boundaries in graphene and other two-dimensional materials.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                (View ORCID Profile)
                Journal
                ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
                ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces
                American Chemical Society (ACS)
                1944-8244
                1944-8252
                December 29 2021
                December 16 2021
                December 29 2021
                : 13
                : 51
                : 61770-61779
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi 923-1211, Japan
                [2 ]Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, 11432 Main Road-Shalaby Land, Minia 61519, Egypt
                [3 ]TAIYO YUDEN CO., LTD. R&D Center, 5607-2, Nakamuroda-machi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-3347, Japan
                [4 ]Hitachi Cambridge Laboratory, Hitachi Europe Ltd., J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
                Article
                10.1021/acsami.1c19138
                333b3a6e-de38-4293-85c7-38757ac29446
                © 2021
                History

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