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      Circular RNAs: biogenesis, expression and their potential roles in reproduction

      review-article
      1 , 2 , 2 , 3 ,
      Journal of Ovarian Research
      BioMed Central
      Circular RNA, Reproduction, Gene regulation, miRNA, lncRNA

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          Abstract

          Unlike other non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), circular RNA (circRNA) is generally presented as a covalently linked circle lacking both a 5′ cap and a 3′ tail. circRNAs were thought to be spliced intermediates, byproducts, or products of abnormal RNA splicing events. However, the high-throughput sequencing technology coupled with bioinformatics has recently uncovered thousands of endogenous circRNAs in cells of many different species. These circRNAs show various features, such as abundant expression, evolutionary conservation, cell- or tissue-specific expression, and a higher resistance to degradation caused by exonuclease or ribonuclease (RNase), suggesting their potentially biological significance. However, the function of these circRNAs, their mechanism of action, and the regulation of their biogenesis and degradation remains largely unclear. The current research and findings of circRNA in the context of reproduction will be reviewed. Additionally, the perspectives of circRNAs in the field will be discussed.

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          Most cited references38

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          Characterization of microRNA expression profiles in normal human tissues

          Background Measuring the quantity of miRNAs in tissues of different physiological and pathological conditions is an important first step to investigate the functions of miRNAs. Matched samples from normal state can provide essential baseline references to analyze the variation of miRNA abundance. Results We provided expression data of 345 miRNAs in 40 normal human tissues, which identified universally expressed miRNAs, and several groups of miRNAs expressed exclusively or preferentially in certain tissue types. Many miRNAs with co-regulated expression patterns are located within the same genomic clusters, and candidate transcriptional factors that control the pattern of their expression may be identified by a comparative genomic strategy. Hierarchical clustering of normal tissues by their miRNA expression profiles basically followed the structure, anatomical locations, and physiological functions of the organs, suggesting that functions of a miRNA could be appreciated by linking to the biologies of the tissues in which it is uniquely expressed. Many predicted target genes of miRNAs that had specific reduced expression in brain and peripheral blood mononuclear cells are required for embryonic development of the nervous and hematopoietic systems based on database search. Conclusion We presented a global view of tissue distribution of miRNAs in relation to their chromosomal locations and genomic structures. We also described evidence from the cis-regulatory elements and the predicted target genes of miRNAs to support their tissue-specific functional roles to regulate the physiologies of the normal tissues in which they are expressed.
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            Identification of small ORFs in vertebrates using ribosome footprinting and evolutionary conservation.

            Identification of the coding elements in the genome is a fundamental step to understanding the building blocks of living systems. Short peptides (< 100 aa) have emerged as important regulators of development and physiology, but their identification has been limited by their size. We have leveraged the periodicity of ribosome movement on the mRNA to define actively translated ORFs by ribosome footprinting. This approach identifies several hundred translated small ORFs in zebrafish and human. Computational prediction of small ORFs from codon conservation patterns corroborates and extends these findings and identifies conserved sequences in zebrafish and human, suggesting functional peptide products (micropeptides). These results identify micropeptide-encoding genes in vertebrates, providing an entry point to define their function in vivo.
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              Spermatogenesis: The Commitment to Meiosis.

              Mammalian spermatogenesis requires a stem cell pool, a period of amplification of cell numbers, the completion of reduction division to haploid cells (meiosis), and the morphological transformation of the haploid cells into spermatozoa (spermiogenesis). The net result of these processes is the production of massive numbers of spermatozoa over the reproductive lifetime of the animal. One study that utilized homogenization-resistant spermatids as the standard determined that human daily sperm production (dsp) was at 45 million per day per testis (60). For each human that means ∼1,000 sperm are produced per second. A key to this level of gamete production is the organization and architecture of the mammalian testes that results in continuous sperm production. The seemingly complex repetitious relationship of cells termed the "cycle of the seminiferous epithelium" is driven by the continuous commitment of undifferentiated spermatogonia to meiosis and the period of time required to form spermatozoa. This commitment termed the A to A1 transition requires the action of retinoic acid (RA) on the undifferentiated spermatogonia or prospermatogonia. In stages VII to IX of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium, Sertoli cells and germ cells are influenced by pulses of RA. These pulses of RA move along the seminiferous tubules coincident with the spermatogenic wave, presumably undergoing constant synthesis and degradation. The RA pulse then serves as a trigger to commit undifferentiated progenitor cells to the rigidly timed pathway into meiosis and spermatid differentiation.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                waltq20020109@163.com
                519-824-4120 , jli@uoguelph.ca
                Journal
                J Ovarian Res
                J Ovarian Res
                Journal of Ovarian Research
                BioMed Central (London )
                1757-2215
                17 January 2018
                17 January 2018
                2018
                : 11
                : 9
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.464487.d, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Jindian, Panlong county, ; Kunming, Yunnan province 650224 China
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8198, GRID grid.34429.38, Department of Animal Biosciences, , University of Guelph, ; 50 Stone Road East, Building #70, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
                [3 ]GRID grid.443369.f, College of Life Science and Engineering, , Foshan University, ; Foshan, Guangdong province China
                Article
                381
                10.1186/s13048-018-0381-4
                5773157
                29343298
                3344d394-f704-479d-bfe7-901299c0cd30
                © The Author(s). 2018

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 30 October 2017
                : 12 January 2018
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004543, China Scholarship Council;
                Award ID: 201508535001
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000038, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada;
                Categories
                Review
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2018

                Obstetrics & Gynecology
                circular rna,reproduction,gene regulation,mirna,lncrna
                Obstetrics & Gynecology
                circular rna, reproduction, gene regulation, mirna, lncrna

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