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      Microbial Profile During Pericoronitis and Microbiota Shift After Treatment

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          Abstract

          The microflora of the distal pocket is considered as the major cause of pericoronitis. How the oral microflora changes during pericoronitis and whether different types of impacted third molar harbor the same microflora are still unknown. Saliva, subgingival plaque, and gingival plaque of mandibular third molars (M3Ms) were collected from twelve patients with acute pericoronitis. They were given local irrigation or local irrigation + antibiotics according to symptoms. Samples were harvested at the first visit with pericoronitis, 1 week after treatment, and 6 weeks after treatment. 16S rRNA gene polymerase chain reaction products were generated and sequenced after DNA isolation. Comparison of three sampling sites showed that, the subgingival plaque of M3Ms had most remarkable changes in symptomatic period, including a significant increase in microbial richness, and a convergent trend in microbial composition. After treatment, the subgingival microbiome was altered and largely returned to the state in asymptomatic period. In summary, the distal subgingival microbiota of M3M was most likely to be associated with the pathogenesis of pericoronitis. The post-treatment microbiota shift of M3M proved the effectiveness of treatment. The inclination type of impacted M3Ms and treatment method would also make a difference to the pericoronal microbiota.

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          Diabetes Enhances IL-17 Expression and Alters the Oral Microbiome to Increase Its Pathogenicity.

          Diabetes is a risk factor for periodontitis, an inflammatory bone disorder and the greatest cause of tooth loss in adults. Diabetes has a significant impact on the gut microbiota; however, studies in the oral cavity have been inconclusive. By 16S rRNA sequencing, we show here that diabetes causes a shift in oral bacterial composition and, by transfer to germ-free mice, that the oral microbiota of diabetic mice is more pathogenic. Furthermore, treatment with IL-17 antibody decreases the pathogenicity of the oral microbiota in diabetic mice; when transferred to recipient germ-free mice, oral microbiota from IL-17-treated donors induced reduced neutrophil recruitment, reduced IL-6 and RANKL, and less bone resorption. Thus, diabetes-enhanced IL-17 alters the oral microbiota and renders it more pathogenic. Our findings provide a mechanistic basis to better understand how diabetes can increase the risk and severity of tooth loss.
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            Factors predictive of difficulty of mandibular third molar surgery.

            Historically the difficulty of third molar surgery has been judged using radiologically assessed dental factors specifically tooth morphology and position. This study investigated additional factors that have a bearing on the difficulty of extraction. A prospective study undertaken by three clinical assistant grade surgeons who removed 354 single mandibular third molar teeth under day case anaesthesia over the 4-year period (1994-1998). Data relating to patient, dental and surgical variables were collected contemporaneously as the patients were treated. The difficulty of extraction was estimated by the surgeons pre-operatively using dental radiographic features and compared by the same surgeon within the actual surgical difficulty encountered at surgery. Operation time strongly related to both pre and post treatment assessments of difficulty and proved to be the best measure of surgical difficulty. Univariate analysis identified increased patient age, ethnic background, male gender, increased weight, bone impaction, horizontal angulation, depth of application, unfavourable root formation, proximity to inferior alveolar canal and surgeon as factors increasing operative time. Multivariate analysis showed that increasing age (P = 0.014), patient weight (P = 0.024), ethnicity (P = 0.019), application depth (P = 0.001), bone impaction (p=0.008) and unfavourable root formation (P = 0.009) were independent predictors for difficulty of extraction. Half of the six independent factors that predicted surgical difficulty of third molar extraction were patient variables.
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              Third molars: a review.

              The influence of the third molars on the alignment of the anterior dentition is controversial. There is no conclusive evidence to indict the third molars as being the major etiologic factor in the posttreatment changes in incisor alignment. Various aspects related to the management of thd molars are discussed, and specific situations in which third molar extractions are contraindicated are illustrated.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Microbiol
                Front Microbiol
                Front. Microbiol.
                Frontiers in Microbiology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-302X
                05 August 2020
                2020
                : 11
                : 1888
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Third Clinical Division, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology , Beijing, China
                [2] 2National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology , yBeijing, China
                [3] 3Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou, China
                [4] 4Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology , Beijing, China
                [5] 5The First People’s Hospital of Jinzhong , Jinzhong, China
                Author notes

                Edited by: John W. A. Rossen, University Medical Center Groningen, Netherlands

                Reviewed by: Takuichi Sato, Niigata University, Japan; Renato Correa Viana Casarin, Campinas State University, Brazil

                *Correspondence: E Xiao, xiaoe1986@ 123456vip.163.com

                This article was submitted to Infectious Diseases, a section of the journal Frontiers in Microbiology

                Article
                10.3389/fmicb.2020.01888
                7422626
                32849467
                335b0530-d10c-45aa-be2e-176f37fe3dd8
                Copyright © 2020 Huang, Zheng, An, Chen, Xiao and Zhang.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 21 February 2020
                : 20 July 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 1, Equations: 0, References: 24, Pages: 9, Words: 0
                Funding
                Funded by: Innovative Research Group Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China 10.13039/100014718
                Award ID: 81670959
                Award ID: 81500819
                Categories
                Microbiology
                Original Research

                Microbiology & Virology
                pericoronitis,16s rrna,microbiome,treatment,sequencing
                Microbiology & Virology
                pericoronitis, 16s rrna, microbiome, treatment, sequencing

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