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      Circulating Tumor Cells : Overview and Opportunities in Cytology

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          Abstract

          Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have long been assumed to be the substrate of cancer metastasis. However, only in recent years have we begun to leverage the potential of CTCs found in minimally invasive peripheral blood specimens to improve care for cancer patients. Currently, CTC enumeration is an accepted prognostic indicator for breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer; however, CTC enumeration remains largely a research tool. More recently, the focus has shifted to CTC characterization and isolation which holds great promise for predictive testing. This review summarizes the relevant clinical, biological, and technical background necessary for pathologists and cytopathologists to appreciate the potential of CTC techniques. A summary of relevant systematic reviews of CTCs for specific cancers is then presented, as well as potential applications to precision medicine. Finally, we suggest future applications of CTC technologies that can be easily incorporated in the pathology laboratory, with the recommendation that pathologists and particularly cytopathologists apply these technologies to small specimens in the era of "doing more with less."

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          Advances In Anatomic Pathology
          Advances In Anatomic Pathology
          Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
          1072-4109
          2018
          October 2018
          : 1
          Article
          10.1097/PAP.0000000000000217
          30325755
          33611ace-3612-409a-8052-4a28c2a78975
          © 2018
          History

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