Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-Years for 29 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2016

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Abstract

This systematic analysis evaluates the cancer burden over time at the global and national levels measured in incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years.

Key Points

Question

What is the cancer burden over time at the global and national levels measured in incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs)?

Findings

In this systematic analysis, in 2016 there were 17.2 million incident cancer cases, 8.9 million deaths, and 213.2 million DALYs due to cancer worldwide. Between 2006 and 2016, incident cases increased by 28%, with the largest increase occurring in the least developed countries.

Meaning

To achieve the Sustainable Development Goals as well as targets set in the World Health Organization Global Action Plan on noncommunicable diseases, cancer control planning and implementation as well as strategic investments are urgently needed.

Abstract

Importance

The increasing burden due to cancer and other noncommunicable diseases poses a threat to human development, which has resulted in global political commitments reflected in the Sustainable Development Goals as well as the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Action Plan on Non-Communicable Diseases. To determine if these commitments have resulted in improved cancer control, quantitative assessments of the cancer burden are required.

Objective

To assess the burden for 29 cancer groups over time to provide a framework for policy discussion, resource allocation, and research focus.

Evidence Review

Cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were evaluated for 195 countries and territories by age and sex using the Global Burden of Disease study estimation methods. Levels and trends were analyzed over time, as well as by the Sociodemographic Index (SDI). Changes in incident cases were categorized by changes due to epidemiological vs demographic transition.

Findings

In 2016, there were 17.2 million cancer cases worldwide and 8.9 million deaths. Cancer cases increased by 28% between 2006 and 2016. The smallest increase was seen in high SDI countries. Globally, population aging contributed 17%; population growth, 12%; and changes in age-specific rates, −1% to this change. The most common incident cancer globally for men was prostate cancer (1.4 million cases). The leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs was tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer (1.2 million deaths and 25.4 million DALYs). For women, the most common incident cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs was breast cancer (1.7 million incident cases, 535 000 deaths, and 14.9 million DALYs). In 2016, cancer caused 213.2 million DALYs globally for both sexes combined. Between 2006 and 2016, the average annual age-standardized incidence rates for all cancers combined increased in 130 of 195 countries or territories, and the average annual age-standardized death rates decreased within that timeframe in 143 of 195 countries or territories.

Conclusions and Relevance

Large disparities exist between countries in cancer incidence, deaths, and associated disability. Scaling up cancer prevention and ensuring universal access to cancer care are required for health equity and to fulfill the global commitments for noncommunicable disease and cancer control.

Related collections

Most cited references 19

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Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Yuan-Pang Wang, Maheswar Satpathy, Mathilde Touvier … (2018)

Summary Background As mortality rates decline, life expectancy increases, and populations age, non-fatal outcomes of diseases and injuries are becoming a larger component of the global burden of disease. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of prevalence, incidence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 328 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. Methods We estimated prevalence and incidence for 328 diseases and injuries and 2982 sequelae, their non-fatal consequences. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death rates for each condition. For some causes, we used alternative modelling strategies if incidence or prevalence needed to be derived from other data. YLDs were estimated as the product of prevalence and a disability weight for all mutually exclusive sequelae, corrected for comorbidity and aggregated to cause level. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. GBD 2016 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER). Findings Globally, low back pain, migraine, age-related and other hearing loss, iron-deficiency anaemia, and major depressive disorder were the five leading causes of YLDs in 2016, contributing 57·6 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 40·8–75·9 million [7·2%, 6·0–8·3]), 45·1 million (29·0–62·8 million [5·6%, 4·0–7·2]), 36·3 million (25·3–50·9 million [4·5%, 3·8–5·3]), 34·7 million (23·0–49·6 million [4·3%, 3·5–5·2]), and 34·1 million (23·5–46·0 million [4·2%, 3·2–5·3]) of total YLDs, respectively. Age-standardised rates of YLDs for all causes combined decreased between 1990 and 2016 by 2·7% (95% UI 2·3–3·1). Despite mostly stagnant age-standardised rates, the absolute number of YLDs from non-communicable diseases has been growing rapidly across all SDI quintiles, partly because of population growth, but also the ageing of populations. The largest absolute increases in total numbers of YLDs globally were between the ages of 40 and 69 years. Age-standardised YLD rates for all conditions combined were 10·4% (95% UI 9·0–11·8) higher in women than in men. Iron-deficiency anaemia, migraine, Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias, major depressive disorder, anxiety, and all musculoskeletal disorders apart from gout were the main conditions contributing to higher YLD rates in women. Men had higher age-standardised rates of substance use disorders, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and all injuries apart from sexual violence. Globally, we noted much less geographical variation in disability than has been documented for premature mortality. In 2016, there was a less than two times difference in age-standardised YLD rates for all causes between the location with the lowest rate (China, 9201 YLDs per 100 000, 95% UI 6862–11943) and highest rate (Yemen, 14 774 YLDs per 100 000, 11 018–19 228). Interpretation The decrease in death rates since 1990 for most causes has not been matched by a similar decline in age-standardised YLD rates. For many large causes, YLD rates have either been stagnant or have increased for some causes, such as diabetes. As populations are ageing, and the prevalence of disabling disease generally increases steeply with age, health systems will face increasing demand for services that are generally costlier than the interventions that have led to declines in mortality in childhood or for the major causes of mortality in adults. Up-to-date information about the trends of disease and how this varies between countries is essential to plan for an adequate health-system response.

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Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Yuan-Pang Wang, Maheswar Satpathy, Elisabete Weiderpass … (2018)

Summary Background Monitoring levels and trends in premature mortality is crucial to understanding how societies can address prominent sources of early death. The Global Burden of Disease 2016 Study (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specific mortality for 264 causes in 195 locations from 1980 to 2016. This assessment includes evaluation of the expected epidemiological transition with changes in development and where local patterns deviate from these trends. Methods We estimated cause-specific deaths and years of life lost (YLLs) by age, sex, geography, and year. YLLs were calculated from the sum of each death multiplied by the standard life expectancy at each age. We used the GBD cause of death database composed of: vital registration (VR) data corrected for under-registration and garbage coding; national and subnational verbal autopsy (VA) studies corrected for garbage coding; and other sources including surveys and surveillance systems for specific causes such as maternal mortality. To facilitate assessment of quality, we reported on the fraction of deaths assigned to GBD Level 1 or Level 2 causes that cannot be underlying causes of death (major garbage codes) by location and year. Based on completeness, garbage coding, cause list detail, and time periods covered, we provided an overall data quality rating for each location with scores ranging from 0 stars (worst) to 5 stars (best). We used robust statistical methods including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) to generate estimates for each location, year, age, and sex. We assessed observed and expected levels and trends of cause-specific deaths in relation to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of average income per capita, educational attainment, and total fertility, with locations grouped into quintiles by SDI. Relative to GBD 2015, we expanded the GBD cause hierarchy by 18 causes of death for GBD 2016. Findings The quality of available data varied by location. Data quality in 25 countries rated in the highest category (5 stars), while 48, 30, 21, and 44 countries were rated at each of the succeeding data quality levels. Vital registration or verbal autopsy data were not available in 27 countries, resulting in the assignment of a zero value for data quality. Deaths from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) represented 72·3% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 71·2–73·2) of deaths in 2016 with 19·3% (18·5–20·4) of deaths in that year occurring from communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) diseases and a further 8·43% (8·00–8·67) from injuries. Although age-standardised rates of death from NCDs decreased globally between 2006 and 2016, total numbers of these deaths increased; both numbers and age-standardised rates of death from CMNN causes decreased in the decade 2006–16—age-standardised rates of deaths from injuries decreased but total numbers varied little. In 2016, the three leading global causes of death in children under-5 were lower respiratory infections, neonatal preterm birth complications, and neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma, combined resulting in 1·80 million deaths (95% UI 1·59 million to 1·89 million). Between 1990 and 2016, a profound shift toward deaths at older ages occurred with a 178% (95% UI 176–181) increase in deaths in ages 90–94 years and a 210% (208–212) increase in deaths older than age 95 years. The ten leading causes by rates of age-standardised YLL significantly decreased from 2006 to 2016 (median annualised rate of change was a decrease of 2·89%); the median annualised rate of change for all other causes was lower (a decrease of 1·59%) during the same interval. Globally, the five leading causes of total YLLs in 2016 were cardiovascular diseases; diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, and other common infectious diseases; neoplasms; neonatal disorders; and HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis. At a finer level of disaggregation within cause groupings, the ten leading causes of total YLLs in 2016 were ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, lower respiratory infections, diarrhoeal diseases, road injuries, malaria, neonatal preterm birth complications, HIV/AIDS, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma. Ischaemic heart disease was the leading cause of total YLLs in 113 countries for men and 97 countries for women. Comparisons of observed levels of YLLs by countries, relative to the level of YLLs expected on the basis of SDI alone, highlighted distinct regional patterns including the greater than expected level of YLLs from malaria and from HIV/AIDS across sub-Saharan Africa; diabetes mellitus, especially in Oceania; interpersonal violence, notably within Latin America and the Caribbean; and cardiomyopathy and myocarditis, particularly in eastern and central Europe. The level of YLLs from ischaemic heart disease was less than expected in 117 of 195 locations. Other leading causes of YLLs for which YLLs were notably lower than expected included neonatal preterm birth complications in many locations in both south Asia and southeast Asia, and cerebrovascular disease in western Europe. Interpretation The past 37 years have featured declining rates of communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases across all quintiles of SDI, with faster than expected gains for many locations relative to their SDI. A global shift towards deaths at older ages suggests success in reducing many causes of early death. YLLs have increased globally for causes such as diabetes mellitus or some neoplasms, and in some locations for causes such as drug use disorders, and conflict and terrorism. Increasing levels of YLLs might reflect outcomes from conditions that required high levels of care but for which effective treatments remain elusive, potentially increasing costs to health systems. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

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Global, regional, and national age–sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Karen Courville, Sergei Ermakov, Maheswar Satpathy … (2015)

The Lancet, 385(9963), 117-171

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): JAMA Oncol

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): JAMA Oncol

Journal ID (pmc): JAMA Oncol

Title: JAMA Oncology

Publisher: American Medical Association

ISSN (Print): 2374-2437

ISSN (Electronic): 2374-2445

Publication date (Electronic): 2 June 2018

Publication date (Print): November 2018

Publication date PMC-release: 2 June 2018

Volume: 4

Issue: 11

Page:

Affiliations

[1 ]Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle

[2 ]Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle

[3 ]Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington

[4 ]Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham

[5 ]Baghdad College of Medicine, Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq

[6 ]Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran

[7 ]Charite University Medicine Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Berlin, Germany

[8 ]ALZAK Foundation–Universidad de la Costa, Universidad de Cartagena, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia

[9 ]Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

[10 ]Uro-Oncology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

[11 ]University of Washington, Seattle

[12 ]Birmingham City, University Department of Public Health and Therapies, Birmingham, England

[13 ]University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

[14 ]Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia

[15 ]Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

[16 ]National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico

[17 ]Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India

[18 ]Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Aden University, Aden, Yemen

[19 ]Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

[20 ]University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

[21 ]St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee

[22 ]German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany

[23 ]Colombian National Health Observatory, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogota, Bogota, DC, Colombia

[24 ]Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, Public Health Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia

[25 ]Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, INCLIVA Health Research Institute and CIBERSAM, Valencia, Spain

[26 ]Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada

[27 ]Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea

[28 ]Seoul National University Medical Library, Seoul, South Korea

[29 ]Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India

[30 ]The Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research, Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, England

[31 ]Accamargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

[32 ]International Prevention Research Institute, Ecully, France

[33 ]Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, National Capital Region, India

[34 ]INEB–Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

[35 ]i3S–Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

[36 ]Indian Institute of Public Health, Delhi, India

[37 ]Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka

[38 ]University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana

[39 ]University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland

[40 ]Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

[41 ]International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

[42 ]Liver and Pancreaticobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

[43 ]Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia

[44 ]Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Kigali, Rwanda

[45 ]Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

[46 ]Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, SNNPR, Ethiopia

[47 ]School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany

[48 ]Imperial College London, London, England

[49 ]College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia

[50 ]Department of Health and Social Affairs, Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia

[51 ]University Hospital Policlinico “Vittorio Emanuele,” Catania, Italy

[52 ]NNEdPro Global Centre for Nutrition and Health, Cambridge, England

[53 ]West Virginia Bureau for Public Health, Charleston

[54 ]Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

[55 ]Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain

[56 ]Haan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

[57 ]Mizan Tepi University, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia

[58 ]International Foundation for Dermatology, London, England

[59 ]King's College London, London, England

[60 ]Oxford Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, England

[61 ]Air Pollution Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

[62 ]Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia

[63 ]Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan

[64 ]Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA

[65 ]National Public Health Institute, Monrovia, Monserrado County, Liberia

[66 ]National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia

[67 ]Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia

[68 ]Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Central Serbia, Serbia

[69 ]Center for Health Trends and Forecasts, University of Washington, Seattle

[70 ]Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany

[71 ]Hematologic Malignancies Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

[72 ]Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

[73 ]Department of Community Medicine, Public Health and Family Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan

[74 ]Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Punjab, Pakistan

[75 ]Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

[76 ]Department of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea

[77 ]Institute of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea

[78 ]Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

[79 ]International Otorhinolaryngology Research Association (IORA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran

[80 ]Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana

[81 ]University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

[82 ]Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India

[83 ]University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, MB, Italy

[84 ]National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland

[85 ]University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

[86 ]University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel

[87 ]Aintree University Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England

[88 ]School of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England

[89 ]Department of Primary Care & Public Health, Imperial College London, London, England

[90 ]Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

[91 ]Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

[92 ]Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage

[93 ]Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Saale, Germany

[94 ]School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

[95 ]School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia

[96 ]University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia

[97 ]University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida

[98 ]United Nations Population Fund, Lima, Peru

[99 ]Comprehensive Cancer Center, Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

[100 ]University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

[101 ]Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, Maryland

[102 ]School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

[103 ]Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

[104 ]Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Baden Wuettemberg, Germany

[105 ]Health Science Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran

[106 ]Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, England

[107 ]Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

[108 ]Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India

[109 ]Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam

[110 ]Centre for Health Research, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

[111 ]Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria

[112 ]Department of Psychiatry, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria

[113 ]Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

[114 ]JSS Medical College (PA), JSS University, Mysore, Karnataka, India

[115 ]Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea

[116 ]White Plains Hospital, White Plains, New York

[117 ]REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal

[118 ]Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

[119 ]University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

[120 ]University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

[121 ]Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran

[122 ]Contech International Health Consultants, Lahore, Pakistan

[123 ]Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan

[124 ]North Hampshire Hospitals, Basingstroke, England

[125 ]University College London Hospitals, London, England

[126 ]WHO Collaborating Centre, Imperial College of London, London, England

[127 ]Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran

[128 ]Managerial Epidemiology Research Center, Department of Public Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran

[129 ]Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

[130 ]Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia

[131 ]Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio

[132 ]Centre School of Public Health and Health Management, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

[133 ]Institute of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

[134 ]Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa

[135 ]UKZN Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Centre, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa

[136 ]Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India

[137 ]Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan

[138 ]Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

[139 ]Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital (She), Fudan University, Shanghai, China

[140 ]Department of Public Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea

[141 ]Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland

[142 ]Institut für Medizinische Epidemiologie, Biometrie und Informatik, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Saale, Germany

[143 ]Harvard Medical School, Kigali, Rwanda

[144 ]Ethiopian Medical Association, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

[145 ]Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

[146 ]Departments of Criminology, Law & Society, Sociology, and Public Health, University of California, Irvine

[147 ]University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

[148 ]Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland

[149 ]Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland

[150 ]Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland

[151 ]Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam

[152 ]Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria

[153 ]National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia

[154 ]Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway

[155 ]Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway

[156 ]Genetic Epidemiology Group, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland

[157 ]Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

[158 ]Centre of Evidence-Based Dermatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England

[159 ]Woldia University, Woldia, Amhara, Ethiopia

[160 ]Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

[161 ]Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi

Author notes

Article Information

Group Information: The members of the Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration appear at the end of the article.

Accepted for Publication: May 11, 2018.

Corresponding Author: Christina Fitzmaurice, MD, MPH, Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Ave, Ste 600, Seattle, WA 98121 ( cf11@ 123456uw.edu ).

Published Online: June 2, 2018. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.2706

The Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration Authors: The following investigators take authorship responsibility for the study results: Christina Fitzmaurice, MD; Tomi F. Akinyemiju, PhD; Faris Hasan Al Lami, PhD; Tahiya Alam, MPH; Reza Alizadeh-Navaei, PhD; Christine Allen, BA; Ubai Alsharif, MPH; Nelson Alvis-Guzman, PhD; Erfan Amini, MD; Benjamin O. Anderson, MD; Olatunde Aremu, PhD; Al Artaman, PhD; Solomon Weldegebreal Asgedom, MS; Reza Assadi, PhD; Tesfay Mehari Atey, MS; Leticia Avila-Burgos, PhD; Ashish Awasthi, PhD; Huda Omer Ba Saleem, PhD; Aleksandra Barac, PhD; James R. Bennett, BA; Isabela M. Bensenor, PhD; Nickhill Bhakta, MD; Hermann Brenner, MD; Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, PhD; Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela, MSc; Ferrán Catalá-López, PhD; Jee-Young Jasmine Choi, PhD; Devasahayam Jesudas Christopher, MD; Sheng-Chia Chung, PhD; Maria Paula Curado, PhD; Lalit Dandona, MD; Rakhi Dandona, PhD; José das Neves, PhD; Subhojit Dey, PhD; Samath D. Dharmaratne, MD; David Teye Doku, PhD; Tim R. Driscoll, PhD; Manisha Dubey, MPhil; Hedyeh Ebrahimi, MPH; Dumessa Edessa, MS; Ziad El-Khatib, PhD; Aman Yesuf Endries, MPH; Florian Fischer, PhD; Lisa M. Force, MD; Kyle J. Foreman, PhD; Solomon Weldemariam Gebrehiwot, MS; Sameer Vali Gopalani, MPH; Giuseppe Grosso, PhD; Rahul Gupta, MD; Bishal Gyawali, MPH; Randah Ribhi Hamadeh, DPhil; Samer Hamidi, DrPH; James Harvey, BS; Hamid Yimam Hassen, MPH; Roderick J. Hay, DM; Simon I. Hay, DSc; Behzad Heibati, PhD; Molla Kahssay Hiluf, MPH; Nobuyuki Horita, MD; H. Dean Hosgood, PhD; Olayinka S. Ilesanmi, MD; Kaire Innos, PhD; Farhad Islami, PhD; Mihajlo B. Jakovljevic, PhD; Sarah Charlotte Johnson, MSc; Jost B. Jonas, MD; Amir Kasaeian, PhD; Tesfaye Dessale Kassa, MS; Yousef Saleh Khader, ScD; Ejaz Ahmad Khan, MD; Gulfaraz Khan, PhD; Young-Ho Khang, MD; Mohammad Hossein Khosravi, MD; Jagdish Khubchandani, PhD; Jacek A. Kopec, PhD; G. Anil Kumar, PhD; Michael Kutz; Deepesh Pravinkumar Lad, DM; Alessandra Lafranconi, MD; Qing Lan, PhD; Yirga Legesse, MS; James Leigh, PhD; Shai Linn, MD; Raimundas Lunevicius, PhD; Azeem Majeed, MD; Reza Malekzadeh, MD; Deborah Carvalho Malta, PhD; Lorenzo G. Mantovani, DSc; Brian J. McMahon, MD; Toni Meier, PhD; Yohannes Adama Melaku, MPH; Mulugeta Melku, MS; Peter Memiah, PhD; Walter Mendoza, MD; Tuomo J. Meretoja, PhD; Haftay Berhane Mezgebe, MS; Ted R. Miller, PhD; Shafiu Mohammed, PhD; Ali H. Mokdad, PhD; Mahmood Moosazadeh, PhD; Paula Moraga; Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, PhD; Vinay Nangia, MD; Cuong Tat Nguyen, MSc; Vuong Minh Nong, MSc; Felix Akpojene Ogbo, MPH; Andrew Toyin Olagunju, MD; Mahesh PA, DNB; Eun-Kee Park, PhD; Tejas Patel, MD; David M. Pereira, PhD; Farhad Pishgar, MD; Maarten J Postma, PhD; Farshad Pourmalek, PhD; Mostafa Qorbani, PhD; Anwar Rafay, MS; Salman Rawaf, MD; David Laith Rawaf, MD; Gholamreza Roshandel, PhD; Saeid Safiri, PhD; Hamideh Salimzadeh, PhD; Juan Ramon Sanabria, MD; Milena M. Santric Milicevic, PhD; Benn Sartorius, PhD; Maheswar Satpathy, PhD; Sadaf G. Sepanlou, PhD; Katya Anne Shackelford, BA; Masood Ali Shaikh, MD; Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini, PhD; Jun She, MD; Min-Jeong Shin, PhD; Ivy Shiue, PhD; Mark G. Shrime, MD; Abiy Hiruye Sinke, MD; Mekonnen Sisay, MS; Amber Sligar, MPH; Muawiyyah Babale Sufiyan, MBA; Bryan L. Sykes, PhD; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, PhD; Gizachew Assefa Tessema, MPH; Roman Topor-Madry, PhD; Tung Thanh Tran, MSc; Bach Xuan Tran, PhD; Kingsley Nnanna Ukwaja, MD; Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov, MD; Stein Emil Vollset, DrPH; Elisabete Weiderpass, PhD; Hywel C. Williams, DSc; Nigus Bililign Yimer, MS; Naohiro Yonemoto, MPH; Mustafa Z. Younis, DrPH; Christopher J. L. Murray, DPhil; Mohsen Naghavi, PhD.

Affiliations of The Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration Authors: Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (Fitzmaurice); Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (Fitzmaurice, Alam, Allen, Bennett, L. Dandona, R. Dandona, Foreman, Harvey, S. I. Hay, Johnson, Kutz, Mokdad, Shackelford, Sligar, Vollset, Murray, Naghavi); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington (Fitzmaurice); Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (Akinyemiju); Baghdad College of Medicine, Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq (Al Lami); Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran (Alizadeh-Navaei); Charite University Medicine Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Alsharif); ALZAK Foundation–Universidad de la Costa, Universidad de Cartagena, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia (Alvis-Guzman); Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Amini, Ebrahimi); Uro-Oncology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Amini, Pishgar); University of Washington, Seattle (Anderson); Birmingham City, University Department of Public Health and Therapies, Birmingham, England (Aremu); University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (Artaman); Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia (Asgedom, Atey, Kassa, Legesse, Mezgebe); Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran (Assadi); National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico (Avila-Burgos, Cahuana-Hurtado); Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India (Awasthi); Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Aden University, Aden, Yemen (Ba Saleem); Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (Barac); University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Bensenor); St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (Bhakta, Force); German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany (Brenner); Colombian National Health Observatory, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogota, Bogota, DC, Colombia (Castañeda-Orjuela); Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, Public Health Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia (Castañeda-Orjuela); Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, INCLIVA Health Research Institute and CIBERSAM, Valencia, Spain (Catalá-López, Tabarés-Seisdedos); Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada (Catalá-López); Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea (Choi); Seoul National University Medical Library, Seoul, South Korea (Choi); Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India (Christopher); The Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research, Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, England (Chung); Accamargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil (Curado); International Prevention Research Institute, Ecully, France (Curado); Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, National Capital Region, India (L. Dandona, R. Dandona, Kumar); INEB–Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (das Neves); i3S–Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (das Neves); Indian Institute of Public Health, Delhi, India (Dey); Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka (Dharmaratne); University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana (Doku); University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland (Doku); Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Driscoll); International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India (Dubey); Liver and Pancreaticobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Ebrahimi); Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia (Edessa, Sisay); Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Kigali, Rwanda (El-Khatib); Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (El-Khatib); Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, SNNPR, Ethiopia (Endries); School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany (Fischer); Imperial College London, London, England (Foreman, S. Rawaf); College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia (Gebrehiwot); Department of Health and Social Affairs, Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia (Gopalani); University Hospital Policlinico “Vittorio Emanuele,” Catania, Italy (Grosso); NNEdPro Global Centre for Nutrition and Health, Cambridge, England (Grosso); West Virginia Bureau for Public Health, Charleston (Gupta); Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Gyawali); Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain (Hamadeh); Haan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates (Hamidi); Mizan Tepi University, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia (Hassen); International Foundation for Dermatology, London, England (R. J. Hay); King's College London, London, England (R. J. Hay); Oxford Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, England (S. I. Hay); Air Pollution Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Heibati); Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia (Hiluf); Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan (Horita); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA (Hosgood); National Public Health Institute, Monrovia, Monserrado County, Liberia (Ilesanmi); National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia (Innos); Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia (Islami); Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Central Serbia, Serbia (Jakovljevic); Center for Health Trends and Forecasts, University of Washington, Seattle (Jakovljevic); Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Jonas); Hematologic Malignancies Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Kasaeian); Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Kasaeian); Department of Community Medicine, Public Health and Family Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan (Khader); Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Punjab, Pakistan (E. A. Khan); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (G. Khan); Department of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (Khang); Institute of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea (Khang); Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Khosravi); International Otorhinolaryngology Research Association (IORA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran (Khosravi); Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana (Khubchandani); University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (Kopec, Pourmalek); Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (Lad); University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, MB, Italy (Lafranconi, Mantovani); National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland (Lan); University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Leigh); University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel (Linn); Aintree University Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England (Lunevicius); School of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England (Lunevicius); Department of Primary Care & Public Health, Imperial College London, London, England (Majeed); Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Malekzadeh, Roshandel, Sepanlou); Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Malta); Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage (McMahon); Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Saale, Germany (Meier); School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia (Melaku); School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia (Melaku); University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia (Melku, Tessema); University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida (Memiah); United Nations Population Fund, Lima, Peru (Mendoza); Comprehensive Cancer Center, Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (Meretoja); University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (Meretoja); Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, Maryland (Miller); School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (Miller); Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (Mohammed); Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Baden Wuettemberg, Germany (Mohammed); Health Science Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran (Moosazadeh); Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, England (Moraga); Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Mousavi); Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India (Nangia); Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam (Nguyen, Nong, T. T. Tran); Centre for Health Research, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Ogbo); Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria (Olagunju); Department of Psychiatry, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria (Olagunju); Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia (Olagunju); JSS Medical College (PA), JSS University, Mysore, Karnataka, India (PA); Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea (Park); White Plains Hospital, White Plains, New York (Patel); REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal (Pereira); Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Pishgar); University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (Postma); University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (Postma); Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran (Qorbani); Contech International Health Consultants, Lahore, Pakistan (Rafay); Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan (Rafay); North Hampshire Hospitals, Basingstroke, England (D. L. Rawaf); University College London Hospitals, London, England (D. L. Rawaf); WHO Collaborating Centre, Imperial College of London, London, England (D. L. Rawaf); Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran (Roshandel); Managerial Epidemiology Research Center, Department of Public Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran (Safiri); Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Salimzadeh); Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia (Sanabria); Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (Sanabria); Centre School of Public Health and Health Management, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (Santric Milicevic); Institute of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (Santric Milicevic); Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa (Sartorius); UKZN Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Centre, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa (Sartorius); Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India (Satpathy); Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan (Shaikh); Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Sharif-Alhoseini); Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital (She), Fudan University, Shanghai, China (She); Department of Public Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea (Shin); Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland (Shiue); Institut für Medizinische Epidemiologie, Biometrie und Informatik, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Saale, Germany (Shiue); Harvard Medical School, Kigali, Rwanda (Shrime); Ethiopian Medical Association, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Sinke); Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (Sufiyan); Departments of Criminology, Law & Society, Sociology, and Public Health, University of California, Irvine (Sykes); University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia (Tessema); Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland (Topor-Madry); Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland (Topor-Madry); Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (B. X. Tran); Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam (B. X. Tran); Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria (Ukwaja); National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia (Vlassov); Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway (Weiderpass); Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway (Weiderpass); Genetic Epidemiology Group, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland (Weiderpass); Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (Weiderpass); Centre of Evidence-Based Dermatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England (Williams); Woldia University, Woldia, Amhara, Ethiopia (Yimer); Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (Yonemoto); Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi (Younis).

Author Contributions: Dr Fitzmaurice had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.

Study concept and design: Fitzmaurice, Dubey, Foreman, Hay, Leigh, Malekzadeh, Rawaf, Satpathy, Shiue, Tessema, Younis, Murray, Naghavi.

Acquisition, analysis or interpretation of data: Fitzmaurice, Akinyemiju, Al Lami, Alam, Alizadeh-Navaei, Allen, Alsharif, Alvis-Guzman, Amini, Anderson, Aremu, Artaman, Asgedom, Assadi, Atey, Avila-Burgos, Awasthi, Barac, BaSaleem, Bennett, Bensenor, Bhakta, Brenner, Cahuana-Hurtado, Castañeda-Orjuela, Catalá-López, Choi, Christopher, Chung, Curado, Dandona, Dandona, das Neves, Dey, Dharmaratne, Doku, Driscoll, Dubey, Ebrahimi, Edessa, El-Khatib, Endries, Fischer, Force, Gebrehiwot, Gopalani, Grosso, Gupta, Gyawali, Hamadeh, Hamidi, Harvey, Hassen, Hay, Heibati, Hiluf, Horita, Hosgood, Ilesanmi, Innos, Islami, Jakovljevic, Johnson, Jonas, Kasaeian, Kassa, Khader, Khan, Khan, Khang, Khosravi, Khubchandani, Kopec, Kumar, Kutz, Lad, Lafranconi, Lan, Legesse, Leigh, Linn, Lunevicius, Majeed, Malta, Mantovani, McMahon, Meier, Melaku, Melku, Memiah, Mendoza, Meretoja, Mezgebe, Miller, Mohammed, Mokdad, Moosazadeh, Moraga, Mousavi, Nangia, Nguyen, Nong, Ogbo, Olagunju, P.A, Park, Patel, Pereira, Pishgar, Postma, Pourmalek, Qorbani, Rafay, Rawaf, Roshandel, Safiri, Salimzadeh, Sanabria, Santric Milicevic, Sartorius, Satpathy, Shackelford, Shaikh, Sharif-Alhoseini, She, Shin, Shrime, Sinke, Sisay, Sligar, Sufiyan, Sykes, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Topor-Madry Tran, Tran, Ukwaja, Vlassov, Vollset, Weiderpass, Williams, Yimer, Yonemoto, Murray, Naghavi.

Drafting of the manuscript: Fitzmaurice, Akinyemiju, Allen, Awasthi, Dubey, Grosso, Harvey, Leigh, Moosazadeh, Rawaf, Sanabria, Satpathy, Satpathy, Tessema.

Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Al Lami, Alam, Alizadeh-Navaei, Alsharif, Alvis-Guzman, Amini, Anderson, Aremu, Artaman, Asgedom, Assadi, Atey, Avila-Burgos, Awasthi, Barac, BaSaleem, Bennett, Bensenor, Bhakta, Brenner, Cahuana-Hurtado, Castañeda-Orjuela, Catalá-López, Choi, Christopher, Chung, Curado, Dandona, Dandona, das Neves, Dey, Dharmaratne, Doku, Driscoll, Dubey, Ebrahimi, Edessa, El-Khatib, Endries, Fischer, Force, Foreman, Gebrehiwot, Gopalani, Grosso, Gupta, Gyawali, Hamadeh, Hamidi, Hassen, Hay, Hay, Heibati, Hiluf, Horita, Hosgood, Ilesanmi, Innos, Islami, Jakovljevic, Johnson, Jonas, Kasaeian, Kassa, Khader, Khan, Khan, Khang, Khosravi, Khubchandani, Kopec, Kumar, Kutz, Lad, Lafranconi, Lan, Legesse, Leigh, Linn, Lunevicius, Majeed, Malekzadeh, Malta, Mantovani, McMahon, Meier, Melaku, Melku, Memiah, Mendoza, Meretoja, Mezgebe, Miller, Mohammed, Mokdad, Moraga, Mousavi, Nangia, Nguyen, Nong, Ogbo, Olagunju, P.A, Park, Patel, Pereira, Pishgar, Postma, Pourmalek, Qorbani, Rafay, Rawaf, Rawaf, Roshandel, Safiri, Salimzadeh, Sanabria, Santric Milicevic, Sartorius, Satpathy, Sepanlou, Shackelford, Shaikh, Sharif-Alhoseini, She, Shin, Shiue, Shrime, Sinke, Sisay, Sligar, Sufiyan, Sykes, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Topor-Madry Tran, Tran, Ukwaja, Vlassov, Vollset, Weiderpass, Williams, Yimer, Yonemoto, Younis, Murray, Naghavi.

Statistical analysis: Fitzmaurice, Allen, Aremu, Asgedom, BaSaleem, Bennett, Cahuana-Hurtado, Dandona, Endries, Foreman, Gebrehiwot, Harvey, Hassen, Kasaeian, Khader, Khubchandani, Kutz, Legesse, Meier, Memiah, Mohammed, Mokdad, Olagunju, Qorbani, Rawaf, Safiri, Satpathy, Sykes, Tran, Ukwaja, Younis, Naghavi.

Obtaining funding: Murray.

Administrative, technical, or material support: Akinyemiju, Alam, Alizadeh-Navaei, Allen, Amini, Awasthi, Barac, BaSaleem, Bensenor, Catalá-López, Dandona, Dey, Dubey, Ebrahimi, Gupta, Hay, Horita, Ilesanmi, Johnson, Khosravi, Kumar, Lan, Leigh, Malekzadeh, Mohammed, Mokdad, P.A, Pereira, Pishgar, Satpathy, Shackelford, Shaikh, Sisay, Sligar, Ukwaja, Younis.

Study supervision: Allen, Christopher, das Neves, Foreman, Mokdad, Satpathy, Vollset, Murray.

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Postma reports that he has received grants and honoraria from GSK, Pfizer, Vertex, BMS, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Takeda, MSD, Sanofi, SPMSD, Janssen, Novartis, IMS, Roche, Ingress Health, Astra Zeneca, Virology Education, AbbVie, Mundipharma, Creativ Ceutical, and Medica Market Access. Dr. Shrime has received grants from the GE foundation and the Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation. No other disclosures are reported.

Funding/Support: The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation received funding from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study, data collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of this paper.

Meeting Presentation: This article was presented at the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) 2018 Meeting; June 2, 2018; Chicago, Illinois.

Article

Publisher ID: coi180055

DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.2706

PMC ID: 6248091

PubMed ID: 29860482

SO-VID: 33796ad2-8265-4990-b18c-be7412bb0f38

License:

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License.

History

Date received : 26 February 2018

Date: 10 May 2018

Date accepted : 11 May 2018

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